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在传统观念中,教师教育惩戒学生天经地义,教育惩戒不可或缺。所谓“教育惩戒”,是指学校、教师基于教育目的,对违规违纪和行为失范的学生(以下统称“犯错学生”)进行管理、训导或者以规定方式予以矫治,促使学生引以为戒、认识和改正错误的教育行为[1]。随着西方教育理念的引入,尤其是赏识教育成为社会主导教育理念后,教育惩戒被视为落后的教育方式。教育惩戒的缺失使得更多的教师出现“不敢管、不能管、不想管犯错学生”的心理。为改变教师不敢教育惩戒学生这一现状,国家及各地方政府已先后出台了相应文件。2017年,青岛市政府发布《青岛市中小学校管理办法》,将“惩戒”一词第一次正式写入地方性教育规章,但当地教师对教育惩戒学生依然心有疑虑,敢于“适度教育惩戒”者寥寥无几。2019年6月,《中共中央国务院关于深化教育教学改革全面提高义务教育质量的意见》明确提出“制定实施细则,明确教师教育惩戒权”[2]的要求。2019年11月,《中小学教师实施教育惩戒规则(征求意见稿)》更是明确指出:教育惩戒是教师履行教育教学职责的必要手段和法定职权。2020年12月,教育部制定并颁布《中小学教育惩戒规则(试行)》(以下简称《规则》)。《规则》第一次以部门规章的形式对教育惩戒作出规定,系统阐释了教育惩戒的属性、适用范围以及实施的规则、程序、措施、要求等,旨在把教育惩戒纳入法治轨道,更好地推动学校全面贯彻落实党的教育方针和立德树人根本任务[3]。由此可见,教师不敢教育惩戒犯错学生的问题已受到广泛关注和重视。英国的教师教育惩戒权实施经验较为成熟,对其进行分析,可对我国教师不敢教育惩戒犯错学生这一问题的有效解决提供参考。
目前我国已有学者对英国教师惩戒权进行相关研究,如陈露《英国教师惩戒权的多维保障与启示》通过对英国教师惩戒权及其实施特征、教师惩戒权多维保障的分析,为我国教师惩戒权的合理、有效实施提供借鉴;李朝恒的《英国中小学教师惩戒权的发展及对我国基础教育的启示》通过梳理英国教师惩戒权从探索到日趋完善的发展过程、分析我国教师惩戒权的发展现状,从制度层面、实施层面、管理层面总结出英国教师惩戒权的发展对我国基础教育的启示;李朝恒和张红的《我国教师惩戒权的立法新探——基于英美两国教师惩戒权管理新规的思考》,通过探究英国《学校中的行为与纪律:给校长和教师的建议》和美国的“零容忍”政策、分析我国教师惩戒权的法理基础,为解决我国教师惩戒权立法问题提供相应借鉴。本文则主要采用文献研究法和比较分析法,在梳理已有研究的基础上,重点分析英国教师教育惩戒权的发展历程、实施现状,并通过我国与英国教育惩戒权的对比,对我国教师不敢行使教育惩戒权这一问题的有效解决提供参考。
The Educational Disciplinary Power of British Teachers and Its Enlightenment to China
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摘要: 一度盛行的体罚遭到批判后, 英国先后在不同学校废除了体罚。体罚被废除后, 英国学生的不良行为日益严重, 教师却不敢教育惩戒行为失范学生。后经过充分调研, 英国政府开始出台法律与政策正式赋予教师教育惩戒权, 并确保其顺利实施。目前, 我国不少教师因缺少相关的法律支持、学生及家长对教师教育惩戒的不实指控以及家长对教师教育惩戒权的不支持等, 不敢也不愿教育惩戒行为失范学生。英国在完善教师教育惩戒权相关法律法规、制定相应实施细则, 慎重调查指控, 保障教师权益, 加强家校联系, 赢得家长支持等方面的有效做法和成功经验, 为我国有效解决教师不敢教育惩戒行为失范学生这一问题提供了有益参考。Abstract: After the once-popular corporal punishment was criticized, British abolished corporal punishment in different schools successively. After the abolition of corporal punishment, the violence ofBritish students became more and more serious, but teachers did not dare to educate and punish the students who made mistakes. Based on various investigations, the British government began to promulgate laws and documents to grant teachers the right ofeducation and discipline, and effectively guarantee its implementation. At present, teachers in our country dare not educate and punish students who have committed mistakes due to various factors, such as the lack of relevant legal support, false accusations by students and parents of teachers' education and discipline, parents' opposition and so on. The power of education and discipline for teachers in British is more mature in terms of improving laws and regulations, formulating implementation rules, carefully investigating allegations, protecting teachers' rights, strengthening family-school ties, and winning parental support. As for the issue that teachers in our country dare not educate and punish students who make mistakes, the solution in Britain is of reference significance.
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