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五四新文化运动后,民主与科学的观念深入教学改革的各个方面。针对国内“沿袭陈法”的教学现象,陶行知主张改“教授法”为“教学法”。尽管仅一字之差,不仅反映了陶行知提倡“在教学思想上来一个破旧布新的变革”[1],同时也折射出陶行知的教学法思想遵循“教与学分离”—“教学合一”—“教学做合一”的科学化发展过程。这一思想的演进过程恰与近代中国教学论学科发展历程相吻合。基于此,本文拟对陶行知科学化教学法思想的演进过程进行探讨,帮助我们了解近代教学论学科发展概貌,也给当今教师发展以启示。
From the Method of "Teaching" to the Method of "Teaching and Learning": Tao Xingzhi's Scientific Teaching Methodology and Its Contemporary Enlightenment
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摘要: 五四新文化运动后,民主与科学的观念深入教学改革的各个方面。陶行知主张改“教授法”为“教学法”,反映出科学化教学法思想的演进历程,即由“教与学分离”到“教学合一”再到“教学做合一”。此过程反映了教与学之间的辩证统一、知行合一的一元哲学观,也体现了陶行知科学化教学法思想的基本特征。陶行知科学化教学法思想对当今教师发展的启示主要体现在三个方面:第一,“以教人者教己”,提高教师的专业素养。首先,教师要掌握专业知识;其次,教师要坚持教学与科研相结合;再次,教师要明确自己的责任,促进“教学相长”。第二,“自动自得”,发挥学生的主体性与创造性。首先,因材施教,发挥学生的自主性;其次,培养创造力,激发学生的创造性。第三,“在劳力上劳心”,促进“教学做合一”。首先,以身立教,教会学生学习;其次,以身作则,注重立德树人。Abstract: After the May Fourth New Culture Movement, the concepts of democracy and science went deep into all aspects of teaching reform. Tao Xingzhi advocated changing "teaching method" to "teaching and learning method", reflecting the evolution of scientific teaching methods, namely, from "separation of teaching and learning"to "integration of teaching and learning", and then to "integration of teaching, learning and doing". This process reflects the dialectical unity of teaching and learning, and the philosophical unity of knowledge and action, and also reflects the basic characteristics of Tao Xingzhi's guiding ideology of scientific teaching methods. The enlightenment of Tao Xingzhi's pedagogical scientific thought on the development of today's teachers is mainly manifested in four aspects. Firstly, teachers should "teach themselves when teaching others", and improve their professionalism, which means that teachers must master professional knowledge; teachers must attach importance to scientific research; teachers must clarify their responsibilities and promote "teaching-learning transaction". The second is "self-satisfaction", which means to give full play to the subjectivity and creativity of students, by which teachers should teach students in accordance with their aptitude and actualize students' autonomy; cultivate and stimulate students' creativity. The third is to "work hard with heart and soul" and promote "integration of teaching, learning and doing", which requires teachers to teach by their personal examples, and let students learn how to learn; to "conduct students in an exemplary way " and emphasize moral education.
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