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1533年亨利八世主导的英格兰议会通过法案,开宗明义地表示,“以古代诸种真实可信的历史和编年史为依据,上面清楚无误且显而易见地显示,这个英格兰王国是一个帝国”[1]。此处所谓“帝国”并非指国力强盛、拥有广阔疆土的国家,而是指主权独立的民族国家。自亨利一世在1107年与罗马教皇签署《伦敦协议》(the Concordat of London)以降,罗马教皇就成为英格兰国王的信仰权威,英格兰在精神信仰上必须与罗马天主教保持一致。这种精神上的附属性,实质上也就否认了英格兰作为民族国家的独立性和主权性。虽然亨利八世的宗教改革远没有德国人马丁·路德所倡导的宗教改革那么具有革命性,这使得英国国教在许多方面与罗马教廷没有多少差别。然而,英国的宗教改革在精神上切断了对罗马的依附和臣属关系,英国开始了迈向现代民族国家的早期发展时期,宗教改革的深远影响也就非同凡响。英国剑桥大学柯林森教授曾评价道:“那些参与其中的人认为,新教改革对树立民族自尊心产生了重大的影响。”[2]
如果说精神和意识形态层面的独立对建构独立的民族国家起到了至关重要的作用,那么英格兰人对自己所处国度的地理认知则对这个国家的未来走向产生了深远的影响。为了从地理认知上增强英格兰人的民族国家意识,英国作家似乎表现出了前所未有的紧迫感和参与意识,这使得16、17世纪英国文学作品中出现了大量的海上叙事内容。对于早期现代英国文学的海洋叙事,欧美学者近年来主要从三个方面进行了讨论:一是关注航海意象作为修辞手法对想象文学的叙事风格和主题结构产生的影响[3]; 二是审视海洋叙事所蕴含的生态思想[4]; 三是梳理当时的海外旅行纪事文学,探究英格兰旅行者的帝国意识心态[5]。随着1980年代出现“蓝色文明”概念,中国学者开始关注海洋文学。就英美文学研究而言,美国小说家库帕海洋小说中的美利坚民族形象和海权主题,以及国家意识得到了较充分的讨论[6-7]。有学者基于19世纪美国的文化历史语境,指出麦尔维尔的《白鲸》以丰富的海洋叙事刻画民族形象、彰显民族性格、传递帝国意识[8]。莎士比亚的《暴风雨》也被视为海洋戏剧,其中的大海蕴含了戏剧家的人文主义思想[9]。
不难看出,英美文学作品中的海洋叙事已引起中外学界的重视,但较少将其纳入地理大发现引发的全球化和海洋文化转向进行考察。事实上,早期现代英国文学之所以出现较为丰富的海洋叙事,与后哥伦布时代开启的全球化和海洋文化转向紧密相关。在此过程中,英国作家对英格兰作为岛国的民族地理表现出了深切的认同感,并由此引发了一系列民族国家想象,这在本文要讨论的斯宾塞、莎士比亚、弥尔顿等经典作家的重要作品中有着鲜明的体现。这种讨论不仅可以揭示海洋叙事所赋存的丰富的历史信息,而且有助于从空间政治角度解释文学史得以发生的内在动力。
The Sea and the Imagined National State in the 16th-and 17th-Century English Literature
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摘要: 亨利八世的宗教改革开启了英格兰作为主权独立的民族国家的序幕,16世纪后半叶英格兰民族意识出现了井喷状态,地理大发现引发的全球化和海洋文化转向促使英国作家采用新的视角书写海洋,通过叙述群岛故事来构建英国性,海岛民族成为英国性的核心内涵,危机和希望共存的海洋启示演化为民族政治的修辞表达。海岛意识在构建民族文化自信的同时也催生了英格兰逻各斯中心主义,其他民族成为他者。此外,海外冒险使得英格兰人对海洋和国运之间的内在关系产生了相同的认知,英格兰演化为以重商主义为核心的新兴经济共同体。Abstract: Henry Ⅷ's Reformation initiated the process of England as an independent national state, and the last half of the 16th century witnessed outpourings of expressions of nationhood. The globalization and the oceanic turn brought about by the Great Discovery stimulated English writers to adopt new perspectives to write about the sea, in which Englishness found full expression in archipelagic writings and in identifying the English people as islanders. The coexistence of crisis and chance revealed by the sea became a rhetorical means of conveying the national politics. The consciousness of archipelago cultivated national confidence as well as English logocentrism, and the latter of which tended to treat other nations as the other. Adventures overseas made the English people recognize the interactive relations between the sea and the state, which resulted in a new economic community in England with mercantilism as the guiding principle.
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