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在政治哲学史上,有两种典型的从事几何学式理论建构的努力,即霍布斯与罗尔斯的理论。虽然这两种理论从前提到结论都大异其趣,但其共同的几何学演绎冲动却值得特别关注。事实上,从契约论传统的角度对二者进行比较,这早就是一个重要的学术议题。但是,契约论基本上是西方近代以来形成的理论传统,因此,若放到“古典”与“现代”二分的政治哲学语境下,这两种几何学式的理论建构毫无疑问都属于有别于古典的现代学理范畴。而且,在一些自然法理论家看来,信奉人的理性的自主性,以及相应地导向“对于通过演绎构建体系的夸大”[1]86,这正是自霍布斯以降的自然法理论的关键特征之一。这个判断虽然是直接针对近代自然法(以及自然权利)学说的,但却指向近代以来整个主流的道德哲学、政治哲学。因此,除了在契约论传统内部对两种理论进行比较之外,我们若能在古今之别的大背景下来反思它们共享的前提和内在区别,审视其演绎建构的成败及其根由,除了会有利于从一个特定的角度揭示古今之别的真义及其后果,也将有助于我们严肃审视我们在古今之间应当持有的哲学立场。更有甚者,这种反思或许还能帮助我们跳出古今之争所预设的二元选择框架。
本文的基本论证思路如下:当代回归古典政治哲学的不同主张,其要旨乃在于回归它所包含的形而上学,但对这种形而上学有不同的理解。而政治哲学中的几何学演绎冲动则以拒斥古典形而上学为前提,必然(必要)性的概念为此提供了基本的可能性。在此基础上,霍布斯试图基于分离的个体理性来完成其对秩序的几何学式演绎,但实质上却暗自游移于两种不同的理性概念之间,他因而面对严重的推理难题。罗尔斯几何学式的秩序建构则基于公共理性的理念拒绝所有形而上学的诉求。这种建构主义虽然避免了亲古典的政治哲学家对近代政治哲学提出的相对主义指责,但却以民主秩序为前提,因而无力为社会政治秩序提供普遍的正当性基础。两种几何学式的政治哲学所遭遇的困境揭示了重返形而上学的必要性,但回归古典形而上学却不是必然选择。相反,社会政治秩序以人类共同生活为前提,它最终依赖于我们对于社群的哲学想象,而公共理性的主体间性特征有可能为我们探寻一种有别于古典形而上学的社群观提供资源。
Back to Metaphysics? ——Reexamining the Two Geometrical Attempts in Political PhilosophyTAN Ankui
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摘要: 从古今之争的角度来看,霍布斯和罗尔斯以几何学演绎的方式建构政治秩序的尝试,乃是近代以来政治哲学拒斥古典形而上学的结果,其以必然性替代古典的自然或自由概念则是两者的共同起点。霍布斯的契约论以分离的个体理性为前提,但为了推演出政治秩序却不得不对理性概念进行隐性转换,因而并未实现其几何学演绎的目标;罗尔斯的契约论以公共理性为起点,虽然避免了陷入相对主义和虚无主义的风险,但却无力为政治秩序提供普遍的正当性证明。他们在不同意义上的失败提示了形而上学的必要性,但这并不必然意味着要回归古典形而上学,相反,一种基于公共理性的形而上学的社群观是值得进一步探索的方向。Abstract: Viewed from the dichotomy of the ancient and the modern, the attempts of Thomas Hobbes and John Rawls to construct political orders in a geometrically deductive way resulted from the rejection of the ancient metaphysics by the modern political philosophy. The replacement of the ancient concept of nature or freedom with that of necessity is the shared starting point for them. Hobbes's contractarianism is based on separate individual rationality, but his aspiration of geometrical deduction fails since he has to transform the concept of rationality implicitly for the deduction of political order. Starting for the idea of public reason, Rawls's contractarianism escapes the risks of relativism and nihilism, but it is unable to give a universal justification for a legitimate political order. Their failures in different senses reveal the necessity of some form of metaphysics. But the return to the ancient metaphysics is not a necessary conclusion. A metaphysical conception of community based on public reason may be a possible option worthy of enquiry.
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