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饲粮纤维(dietary fiber,DF)主要由多糖和其他非碳水化合物组成,它不能被动物机体所分泌的消化酶消化,但通过肠道微生物的发酵作用,可转化为挥发性脂肪酸被动物机体所利用[1]. 鹅为草食水禽,盲肠微生物区系发达,对纤维物质具有很强的消化能力[2],喜食草、绿色蔬菜和其他富含纤维的植物. 传统营养学认为,家禽必需营养需求更多应考虑氨基酸、能量、水、维生素和矿物质等,纤维则不在考虑范畴. 研究发现,饲粮纤维会影响鹅的生长性能、消化器官发育和营养物质消化率等[3-5]. 不同纤维水平对鹅生长发育也有一定的影响,Li等[6]指出,如果饲粮纤维水平过低,会导致鹅肠道微生物菌群结构紊乱,影响营养物质的吸收和利用,从而影响其生长速率,增加死亡率. 而饲粮纤维水平过高,会影响蛋白质等其他营养物质的消化吸收. 目前,关于鹅饲粮纤维营养需要的报道不一,美国NRC(1994)禽饲料营养标准推荐4周龄以上鹅粗纤维水平为8.0%;张亚俊等[7]研究指出,5~12周龄肉鹅最适宜粗纤维水平为4.5%;金灵等[8]则指出,育成鹅粗纤维水平适宜范围为4%~10%. 但关于低纤维饲粮在育成鹅中的应用报道还相对较少,因此,本试验以4~10周龄四川白鹅为研究对象,探究低纤维饲粮对其生产性能、屠宰性能及血清生化指标等的影响. 假设低纤维饲粮会显著影响育成鹅生长发育,那么基于研究结果,我们期望能进一步阐明饲粮纤维在肉鹅生产中的重要性,为后期深入研究家禽纤维需要提供基础数据.
Effects of Dietary Crude Fiber Levels on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Serum Biochemical Indicators of Sichuan White Geese
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摘要: 为探究饲粮粗纤维水平对四川白鹅生长性能、屠宰性能及血液生化指标的影响, 选取120只体况基本一致(965.18±28.67 g)的28日龄四川白鹅, 采用地面平养方式, 按等性别比例随机分为2组, 分别饲喂低粗纤维饲粮(粗纤维3.00%)和正常粗纤维饲粮(粗纤维6.80%), 每组6个重复, 每个重复10只鹅, 试验期自由采食和饮水. 结果表明, 饲粮粗纤维水平对平均日采食量、平均日增质量、料质量比、体尺指标、屠宰性能指标、消化器官相对质量、脾脏相对质量、十二指肠长、回肠长、盲肠长、血清转氨酶活性、血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白和低密度脂蛋白等影响无统计学意义(p>0.05); 但与正常粗纤维组相比, 低粗纤维组鹅体斜长、骨盆宽、谷草/谷丙值显著增大(p<0.05), 半净膛率显著降低(p<0.05), 胸角、胸腺相对质量、法氏囊相对质量和空肠长度均极显著降低(p<0.01), 尿酸质量浓度极显著升高(p<0.01). 综合来看, 当饲粮粗纤维水平为3.00%时, 对鹅只生长有一定的影响. 因此, 建议生产中应保证鹅只饲粮粗纤维水平在正常范围.Abstract: In order to investigate the effects of dietary crude fiber levels on growth performance, slaughter performance and blood biochemical indicators of Sichuan white geese, a total of 120 28-day-old Sichuan white geese with an initial body weight of 965.18±28.67 g (60 male and 60 female) raised with the floor rearing mode were randomly allocated into a low crude fiber diet group (CF 3.00%) and a normal crude fiber diet (CF 6.80%) group, with 6 replicates, each having 10 geese. The geese had access to food and water ad libitum in the experiment period. The results showed that the dietary crude fiber levels had no significant effect on average daily feed intake, average daily gain, feed-to-weight ratio, body size indicators, slaughter performance indicators, relative weight of digestive organs, relative weight of spleen, the length of duodenum, ileum and cecum, and serum transaminase activity, serum total protein, albumin, globulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (p > 0.05); but compared with the normal crude fiber group, the geese of the low crude fiber group had significantly greater body oblique length, pelvic width and AST/ALT value increased (p < 0.05), the significant reduction in half-cleaning rate (p < 0.05), and their thoracic angle, relative weight of the thymus, relative weight of the bursa and jejunum length were significantly reduced (p < 0.01), but their uric acid content increased significantly (p < 0.01). In conclusion, when the dietary crude fiber level is 3.00%, it has a certain effect on the growth of geese. Therefore, it is recommended that the crude fiber level of the goose diet should be in the normal range during production.
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Key words:
- crude fiber level /
- geese /
- growth performance /
- slaughter performance /
- serum biochemical indicators .
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表 1 试验日粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)
项目 低粗纤维组 正常粗纤维组 原料/% 玉米 48.06 54.48 豆粕 11.80 15.00 小麦麸 33.00 5.00 苜蓿 0.00 19.09 蚕蛹 2.00 2.00 赖氨酸盐 0.20 0.14 蛋氨酸 0.02 0.00 磷酸氢钙 0.77 0.99 石粉 0.95 0.10 盐 0.20 0.20 预混料 3.00 3.00 合计 100.00 100.00 营养成分 代谢能/(MJ·kg-1) 10.86 10.50 粗蛋白/% 14.96 15.00 粗纤维/% 3.00 6.80 酸性洗涤纤维/% 0.56 1.39 中性洗涤纤维/% 1.08 2.65 钙/% 0.81 0.81 磷/% 0.40 0.38 赖氨酸/% 0.84 0.85 蛋氨酸/% 0.30 0.33 注:预混料为每千克饲粮提供:维生素A 2 000 IU,维生素D3 1 000 IU,维生素E 3 000 mg,维生素K3 200 mg,维生素B1 100 mg,维生素B2 1 200 mg,维生素B6 200 mg,维生素B12 2.5 mg,烟酸600 mg,泛酸1 800 mg,叶酸200 mg,生物素20 mg,铁6 g,铜0.2 g,锰15 g,锌8 g,碘10 mg,硒30 mg. 营养成分除代谢能为计算值外,其余均为实测值. 表 2 纤维水平对70日龄四川白鹅生长性能的影响
项目 低粗纤维组 正常粗纤维组 p值 平均日增质量/(g·d-1) 55.15±3.58 56.32±3.19 0.695 平均日采食量/(g·d-1) 213.93±4.37 218.06±8.35 0.489 料质量比 3.89±0.33 3.88±0.23 0.981 胫围/cm 5.07±0.20 5.22±0.17 0.190 龙骨长/cm 13.92±0.40 13.23±1.14 0.195 颈长/cm 27.85±2.06 25.18±3.60 0.147 体斜长/cm 32.20±1.02* 30.47±0.94 0.012 半潜水长/cm 56.42±3.04 56.18±3.07 0.897 骨盆宽/mm 76.94±4.61* 66.87±7.62 0.020 胸宽/mm 74.49±2.09 70.24±9.95 0.330 胸深/mm 78.89±4.16 81.27±10.06 0.603 胫长/mm 89.86±5.26 82.70±11.37 0.192 胸角/° 110.01±4.05** 119.83±4.84 0.003 注:同行数据*表示p<0.05,**表示p<0.01,差异有统计学意义. 表 3 纤维水平对70日龄四川白鹅屠宰性能的影响
项目 低粗纤维组 正常粗纤维组 p值 宰前活质量/kg 3.01±0.15 3.07±0.19 0.514 屠宰率/% 88.91±1.01 89.21±1.58 0.064 半净膛率/% 82.31±2.02* 85.21±1.05 0.011 全净膛率/% 73.69±2.72 76.00±0.72 0.072 胸肌率/% 7.91±0.60 8.32±0.45 0.214 腿肌率/% 16.48±1.00 16.28±0.52 0.673 腹脂率/% 4.17±0.56 4.75±0.43 0.055 注:同行数据*表示p<0.05,**表示p<0.01,差异有统计学意义. 表 4 纤维水平对70日龄四川白鹅消化器官和免疫器官相对质量的影响
/(g·kg-1) 项目 低粗纤维组 正常粗纤维组 p值 肝脏相对质量 17.24±2.49 18.38±2.79 0.470 肌胃相对质量 28.73±3.38 27.70±4.08 0.643 腺胃相对质量 2.72±0.35 2.90±0.28 0.370 胰腺相对质量 2.48±0.31 2.40±0.24 0.632 胸腺相对质量 2.28±0.21** 2.75±0.20 0.002 脾脏相对质量 0.75±0.19 0.77±0.10 0.853 法氏囊相对质量 0.76±0.08** 0.93±0.10 0.009 注:同行数据*表示p<0.05,**表示p<0.01,差异有统计学意义. 表 5 饲粮纤维水平对70日龄四川白鹅肠道长度的影响
/cm 项目 低粗纤维组 正常粗纤维组 p值 十二指肠 31.00±3.03 31.33±1.03 0.804 空肠 70.00±5.10** 79.33±3.78 0.005 回肠 69.17±8.28 74.83±8.42 0.267 盲肠 20.83±2.14 20.95±1.64 0.768 注:同行数据*表示p<0.05,**表示p<0.01,差异有统计学意义. 表 6 纤维水平对70日龄四川白鹅血清生化指标的影响
项目 低粗纤维组 正常粗纤维组 p值 谷丙转氨酶/(U·L-1) 13.00±2.00 15.33±1.53 0.184 谷草转氨酶/(U·L-1) 29.67±5.51 26.33±0.58 0.356 碱性磷酸酶/(U·L-1) 1 251.33±57.74 1 274.00±60.00 0.662 谷草/谷丙 2.27±0.08* 1.73±0.20 0.012 总蛋白/(g·L-1) 40.37±0.91 41.60±2.42 0.456 白蛋白/(g·L-1) 18.70±0.26 18.90±1.76 0.855 球蛋白/(g·L-1) 21.67±1.10 23.03±1.25 0.228 白球比 0.87±0.06 0.83±0.06 0.519 尿酸/(μmol·L-1) 194.33±5.51** 147.67±9.07 0.002 总胆固醇/(mmol·L-1) 4.57±0.15 4.62±0.17 0.811 甘油三酯/(mmol·L-1) 0.54±0.04 0.60±0.05 0.133 高密度脂蛋白/(mmol·L-1) 2.74±0.11 3.02±0.17 0.081 低密度脂蛋白/(mmol·L-1) 1.53±0.01 1.47±0.05 0.134 肌酸激酶/(U·L-1) 1 654.33±67.41 1 457.67±119.26 0.068 注:同行数据*表示p<0.05,**表示p<0.01,差异有统计学意义. -
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