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开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID):
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农业是我国的立国之本,在支撑国民经济建设与发展中占据着重要地位.党的十九届六中全会报告提出“鼓励引导农业龙头企业绿色发展,走出一条集约、高效、安全、持续的现代农业发展之路”[1].在此背景下,摆脱粗放式增长和发展模式,推动兼顾环境、社会、治理等可持续发展因素的投、融资决策及信息披露,成为农业上市公司践行高质量发展的新动向[2-3]. ESG是经济组织在环境(E)、社会(S)和公司治理(G)3个方面积极作为的战略行为,ESG表现彰显着绿色可持续发展及社会责任履行程度[4],是市场利益相关者施加投资决策的重要考虑指标之一.根据美国可持续投资协会的统计[5],涉农ESG企业越来越受到全球投资者的重视,且该领域仅在2021年就投入2.38万亿美元,在共计17万亿美元全球投资中占据首位.在我国,农业上市公司ESG行为被视为贯彻“创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享”新发展理念的积极战略行动,政府及监管部门亦出台了旨在助力改善农业上市公司ESG信息披露及现实表现的政策.
虽然ESG表现被赋予践行绿色持续发展理念、推动产业转型提效的期许,但已有文献尚未对ESG表现与企业绩效关系形成定论.例如,部分研究持消极观点,积极的ESG表现往往难以兼顾企业经济效益,将给企业绩效带来负面影响[6-7].另有部分研究认为,ESG表现为企业可持续发展带来强劲内生动力,有助于改善经济组织业绩[8-9].此外,少部分研究表明,企业ESG表现等社会责任与绩效关系不明确,未发现其对上市公司短期绩效产生影响的实质性证据[10].既往的研究为理解ESG表现与企业绩效的关系提供了有益借鉴,但囿于两者关系存在一定的学术分野,加之鲜有触及近年来受到追捧且在ESG投资中占据首位的农业上市公司ESG表现的后果探讨,使得系统考察和分析中国情景下ESG表现对农业上市公司机制及绩效的影响十分必要.鉴于此,本文基于2012-2020年我国农业上市公司ESG表现数据,系统考察其对企业绩效可能带来的影响.
相较于既往的文献,本文可能带来的边际贡献为:①全文聚焦于在我国处于“立国之本”地位的农业领域上市公司ESG表现,这对既往以二三产业为主的ESG研究形成补充,有助于深入了解我国上市公司ESG现状;②有别于以往文献,更加系统地分析和考察了ESG表现对农业上市公司机制的影响,有助于洞悉ESG表现影响绩效的“黑箱”;③研究结论亦为推动“现代农业发展” “农业龙头企业绿色发展”取得良好效果提供了农业ESG层面的建议及参考.
Research on the Impact of ESG on the Performance of Agricultural Listed Companies
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摘要: 近年来,农业上市公司践行绿色可持续发展理念及ESG表现备受政府和公众关注.该文以2012-2020年A股农业上市公司为样本,理论分析和实证检验ESG表现对农业上市公司绩效的影响及机制.研究发现:良好的ESG表现显著促进了农业上市公司绩效的提升,经替换变量与模型、PSM-DID与安慰剂、工具变量与GMM等稳健性测试后结论成立.通过异质性分析,发现非国企、东部地区农业上市公司ESG表现的绩效促进效应更明显.机制检验表明,农业上市公司ESG表现通过创新驱动促进绩效改善.Abstract: In recent years, the government and the public have paid much attention to the agricultural listed companies' implementation of the concept of green sustainable development and their ESG performance. This paper takes the A-share agricultural listed companies from 2012 to 2020 as a sample to theoretically and empirically analyze the impact and mechanism of ESG performance on the performance of agricultural listed companies. The study found that good ESG performance significantly promoted the performance improvement of agricultural listed companies. This conclusion remained unchanged after the robustness tests of replacement variables and models, PSM-DID and placebo, tool variables and GMM. Through the analysis of heterogeneity, the performance promotion effect of ESG performance of non-state-owned enterprises and agricultural listed companies in the eastern region is more obvious. The mechanism test shows that the ESG performance of agricultural listed companies promote the performance improvement through innovation drive.
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Key words:
- ESG performance /
- enterprise performance /
- value co-creation /
- innovation driven .
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表 1 变量定义及测度方式
变量类型 变量名称 变量符号 变量测度 被解释变量 企业总资产回报率 ROA 农业上市公司当年总资产回报率. 企业净资产回报率 ROE 农业上市公司当年净资产回报率. 解释变量 ESG表现 ESG 农业上市公司的彭博ESG综合指数. 控制变量 财务杠杆 Leverage 当年负债总额占资产总额的比例. 企业规模 Size 以当年资产总额为基础,通过对数方式测度. 发展状况 Growth 当年较上年营业收入增长率. 成立年限 Age 以成立年限为基础,通过+1取对数方式测度. 董事会规模 Boardsize 以董事会人数为基础,通过+1取对数方式测度. 独董占比 Indepe 当年独立董事人数占董事会总人数的比例. 两职合一 Duality 当年存在董事长与总经理兼任赋值1,否则为0. 年份 Year 年度效应. 表 2 主要变量描述性统计表
变量 Mean Sd Min Max ROA 0.020 0.083 -0.241 0.346 ROE 0.004 0.267 -1.432 0.624 ESG 18.751 2.824 11.983 30.579 Leverage 0.438 0.213 0.059 0.980 Size 21.833 0.895 19.503 23.903 Growth 0.109 0.390 -0.594 1.783 Age 2.870 0.296 1.946 3.526 Boardsize 2.106 0.249 1.609 2.773 Indepe 0.381 0.063 0.308 0.600 Duality 0.277 0.448 0.000 1.000 注:Mean表示均值,Sd表示标准差,Min表示最小值,Max表示最大值. 表 3 基于固定效应模型的回归结果
变量
(常量)ROA ROE (1) (2) (3) (4) ESG 0.002**
(1.972)0.002**
(1.932)0.004**
(2.124)0.003**
(1.978)Leverage -0.170***
(-9.663)-0.169***
(-9.587)-0.604***
(-10.998)-0.603***
(-11.049)Size 0.005
(1.059)0.006
(1.276)0.062***
(4.362)0.069***
(4.800)Growth 0.069***
(7.387)0.068***
(7.239)0.176***
(6.030)0.179***
(6.125)Age 0.003
(0.223)0.005
(0.327)-0.015
(-0.363)0.019
(0.410)Boardsize 0.073***
(3.438)0.070***
(3.282)0.038
(0.578)0.035
(0.527)Indepe 0.146**
(1.985)0.141*
(1.901)0.180
(0.785)0.150
(0.649)Duality 0.004
(0.447)0.006
(0.688)-0.033
(-1.213)-0.023
(-0.816)_Cons -0.277***
(-2.650)-0.290***
(-2.603)-1.189***
(-3.643)-1.391***
(-4.024)Year No Yes No Yes N 365 365 365 365 Adj R2 0.320 0.322 0.360 0.370 注:***表示p<1%,**表示p<5%,*表示p<10%水平差异具有统计学意义.括号内为经稳健标准误处理后的t值.此外,_Cons表示常数项,N为样本总数,Adj R2为拟合指标修正R2.下同. 表 4 替换变量与模型测试
变量
(常量)Tobinq OCF Tobinq OCF (1) (2) (3) (4) ESG 0.112***
(4.141)0.002*
(1.669)ESG2 0.002
(1.532)0.000
(0.906)Leverage -0.127
(-0.380)-0.073***
(-3.298)-0.120
(-0.360)-0.073***
(-3.313)Size -1.214***
(-13.714)0.004
(0.600)-1.250***
(-14.012)0.004
(0.620)Growth 0.064
(0.357)0.043***
(3.607)0.043
(0.241)0.042***
(3.553)Age 0.169
(0.598)-0.020
(-1.066)0.187
(0.667)-0.022
(-1.186)Boardsize 2.049***
(5.033)0.079***
(2.953)2.080***
(5.158)0.076***
(2.834)Indepe 4.040***
(2.861)0.191**
(2.051)4.080***
(2.909)0.189**
(2.020)Duality 0.022
(0.130)0.015
(1.375)0.027
(0.160)0.016
(1.390)_Cons 19.705***
(9.298)-0.244*
(-1.741)21.363***
(10.505)-0.201
(-1.487)Year Yes Yes Yes Yes N 365 365 365 365 Adj R2 0.380 0.107 0.378 0.104 表 5 PSM-DID与安慰剂测试
Panel A:平衡性检验 变量 匹配阶段 均值 偏离度/% 检验值 实验组 控制组 T值 p值 Leverage 未匹配 0.409 0.453 -20.4 -1.88 0.061 匹配后 0.417 0.453 -16.9 -1.23 0.219 Size 未匹配 22.064 21.718 38.8 3.54 0.000 匹配后 21.915 21.978 -7.1 -0.57 0.570 ROA 未匹配 0.034 0.137 23.2 2.21 0.028 匹配后 0.026 0.031 -5.4 -0.37 0.710 Panel B:倍差法检验与安慰剂测试 变量
(常量)缓解样本选择偏误PSM-DID回归 排除整体时间趋势提前1~2年安慰剂回归 ROA ROE ROA ROE ROA ROE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Treat*Post 0.019**
(1.976)0.031*
(1.745)0.015
(1.349)0.001
(0.023)0.013
(0.908)-0.016
(-0.426)Leverage -0.163***
(-9.125)-0.487***
(-9.687)-0.151***
(-6.700)-0.415***
(-7.049)-0.159***
(-6.493)-0.472***
(-7.098)Size 0.003
(0.647)0.028**
(1.990)0.006
(1.045)0.027*
(1.713)0.007
(1.064)0.034*
(1.862)Growth 0.063***
(6.593)0.140***
(5.219)0.060***
(4.854)0.126***
(3.887)0.055***
(4.030)0.115***
(3.121)Age -0.007
(-0.503)0.001
(0.035)-0.014
(-0.744)-0.002
(-0.049)-0.037*
(-1.660)-0.026
(-0.423)Boardsize 0.057***
(2.840)0.064
(1.134)0.050*
(1.907)0.051
(0.749)0.049*
(1.721)0.044
(0.577)Indepe 0.123*
(1.735)0.046
(0.229)0.154*
(1.679)0.030
(0.125)0.160
(1.538)-0.022
(-0.077)Duality -0.002
(-0.275)-0.022
(-0.910)-0.001
(-0.115)-0.012
(-0.398)-0.010
(-0.823)-0.027
(-0.815)_Cons -0.126
(-1.145)-0.523*
(-1.691)-0.182
(-1.299)-0.494
(-1.343)-0.125
(-0.764)-0.529
(-1.197)Year Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes N 235 235 208 208 183 183 Adj R2 0.298 0.284 0.236 0.207 0.245 0.224 表 6 工具变量与GMM测试
变量 缓解因果倒置的工具变量回归 缓解跨期内生性的GMM回归 一阶段ESG 二阶段ROA 二阶段ROE ROA ROE (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Averge_ESG(IV) 6.816***
(9.772)0.003*
(1.744)0.005***
(2.619)ESG 0.003*
(1.687)0.004**
(2.277)L1.(ROA/ROE) 0.141**
(2.201)0.031
(0.469)L2.(ROA/ROE) 0.100
(1.372)0.179**
(2.585)Leverage -0.132
(-0.411)-0.223***
(-3.494)-0.691***
(-3.388)-0.132***
(-4.955)-0.522***
(-6.062)Size -0.069
(-1.208)-0.005
(-0.458)-0.691***
(-3.388)0.003
(0.528)0.055***
(2.740)Growth -0.109
(-1.422)0.052
(1.241)0.084
(1.130)0.078***
(6.272)0.197***
(5.100)Age -0.030
(-0.184)0.007
(0.215)0.067
(0.827)-0.011
(-0.483)0.006
(0.088)Boardsize 0.039
(0.124)0.100***
(3.499)0.153*
(1.644)0.067**
(2.304)0.072
(0.799)Indepe 0.679
(0.330)0.224
(1.513)0.057
(0.238)0.177*
(1.680)0.289
(0.887)Duality 0.242
(1.106)0.010
(0.443)0.023
(0.488)0.004
(0.372)-0.014
(-0.378)_Cons 3.372***
(5.088)-0.131
(-0.496)-0.921
(-1.304)-0.210
(-1.310)-1.228**
(-2.382)Year Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes N 365 365 365 290 290 F值 19.044 - - Adj R2 0.101 0.366 0.394 0.337 0.395 注:L1.(ROA/ROE)表示滞后一期ROA及ROE,L2.(ROA/ROE)表示滞后两期ROA及ROE. 表 7 异质性分析估计结果
变量
(常量)产权异质性 市场异质性 ROA ROE ROA ROE 国有 非国有 国有 非国有 东部 非东部 东部 非东部 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) ESG 0.001
(0.306)0.006***
(2.718)0.002
(0.439)0.011***
(2.626)0.012***
(2.691)0.002
(1.182)0.033***
(2.619)0.005
(0.889)Leverage -0.129***
(-5.726)-0.201***
(-7.397)-0.354***
(-5.468)-0.788***
(-9.090)-0.207***
(-6.898)-0.121***
(-6.105)-0.636***
(-7.519)-0.574***
(-7.375)Size 0.010
(1.518)-0.004
(-0.612)0.032*
(1.746)0.070***
(3.002)0.020*
(1.866)0.009**
(2.036)0.048
(1.610)0.091***
(5.175)Growth 0.025**
(2.008)0.089***
(6.855)0.080**
(2.222)0.235***
(5.637)0.111***
(6.999)0.035***
(3.365)0.231***
(5.193)0.145***
(3.616)Age 0.040
(1.763)-0.003
(-0.163)0.086
(1.326)0.009
(0.134)-0.011
(-0.524)0.038**
(1.979)0.009
(0.154)0.006
(0.076)Boardsize 0.067**
(1.980)0.084***
(2.746)0.111
(1.151)0.073
(0.752)0.153***
(4.087)0.053**
(2.256)0.252**
(2.395)-0.086
(-0.937)Indepe 0.098
(1.012)0.204*
(1.683)0.171
(0.613)0.336
(0.870)0.469***
(3.253)0.062
(0.725)0.577
(1.420)0.045
(0.135)Duality 0.023
(1.175)-0.004
(-0.298)0.069
(1.217)-0.004
(-0.115)-0.028*
(-1.895)0.050***
(4.311)-0.048
(-1.155)0.025
(0.558)_Cons -0.412***
(-3.112)-0.144
(-0.814)-1.038***
(-2.723)-1.563***
(-2.777)-0.697***
(-2.709)-0.404***
(-3.697)-1.303*
(-1.798)-1.459***
(-3.412)Year Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes N 158 207 158 207 193 172 193 172 Adj R2 0.254 0.392 0.207 0.452 0.471 0.297 0.409 0.361 表 8 基于创新驱动的机制检验结果
变量
(常量)ROA ROE 企业创新 企业创新低组 企业创新高组 企业创新低组 企业创新高组 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) ESG 0.109***
(2.717)0.001
(0.302)0.006***
(2.638)0.005
(0.749)0.020***
(2.830)Leverage -1.323***
(-2.660)-0.196***
(-6.726)-0.169***
(-7.392)-0.739***
(-7.960)-0.510***
(-7.153)Size -0.024
(-0.182)-0.015**
(-2.095)0.026***
(3.945)0.054**
(2.413)0.069***
(3.404)Growth -0.129
(-0.487)0.070***
(5.094)0.054***
(3.970)0.206***
(4.724)0.113***
(2.665)Age 1.829***
(4.337)-0.007
(-0.319)-0.003
(-0.150)0.017
(0.246)0.023
(0.332)Boardsize 2.474***
(3.757)0.075**
(2.002)0.050*
(1.934)-0.067
(-0.562)0.082
(1.016)Indepe 6.472***
(3.000)0.189
(1.430)0.098
(1.073)0.007
(0.017)0.092
(0.325)Duality 1.390***
(5.503)0.015
(1.030)-0.008
(-0.703)-0.027
(-0.581)-0.032
(-0.870)_Cons -11.485***
(-3.674)0.218
(1.170)-0.701***
(-4.463)-0.668
(-1.125)-1.683***
(-3.445)Year Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes N 365 183 182 183 182 Adj R2 0.120 0.341 0.378 0.426 0.322 -
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