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私人信念的拥护者认为,信念全然是私人之事,主观的理由是拥有信念的充分理由[1],信念是一种不需以诸如观察、断言以及推论为基础的自我知识,具有(1)第一人称身份(first-person identity);(2)第一人称视角(first-person perspective);(3)第一人称承诺(first-person commitment)以及(4)第一人称权威(first-person authority)等特征。(1)指第一人称最为清楚自己持有怎样的信念;(2)指第一人称最为清楚持有信念的理由;(3)指第一人称最为清楚自己对待信念的态度,例如信念度、真假态度;(4)则指第一人称的信念决定着相关的问题域,即能动者最为清楚自己的信念存在哪些问题,与哪些问题有关以及如何描述[2]。
本文旨在反对上述私人信念的观点,认为信念本质上是公共的。信念可以被外化为关于它的行动,拥有一个信念必须拥有文化共同体所拥有的信念整体。能动者(agent)作为共同体的一员,其信念必须能在公共交往的实践中被证成。第一人称视角和第三人称视角密不可分,我们只能以观察、判断和推论作为证成和理解信念的起点。戴维森和布兰顿的相关观点分别提供给我们理解和证成公共性的信念的解释及推论的思路。“信念本质上是公共的”这一观点还有助于解决关于信念的一些争议,本文最后以“摩尔悖论”为例,在运用这一观点解决实际问题的过程中,进一步加深对信念公共性的理解。
The Publicity and Justification of Belief
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摘要: 不存在私人信念,信念在本质上是公共的,它已经隐含相应的行动中所包含的事件之间的解释关系。能动者不可能获得孤立的信念,获得一个信念需要获有为共同体所共享的信念整体。这意味着能动者的信念亦能为他者所理解和接受,并在公共的维度中得到证成。证成信念的起点是可被观察的行为和断言,戴维森和布兰顿的相关思想为我们提供了证成信念的解释进路和推论主义进路。最后以“摩尔悖论”为例,探究了“信念本质上是公共的”这一观点的一个运用。Abstract: There is no such thing called private belief. Belief is essentially public. A belief is already embedded with the explanatory power that the events of the corresponding action take. Agents cannot have an isolated belief. To have a belief is to be committed to the whole system of beliefs shared by the community, which implies that the belief can be understood and accepted by the other, and can be justified from a shared perspective. To justify an agent's belief, we should start from the agent's observable behaviors and assertions. Davidson's and Brandom's relevant thoughts are helpful in justifying public belief along the interpretative and inferential routines respectively. The idea of public belief is also illuminated in solving some problems concerning belief, such as "the Moore's paradox".
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