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美育是审美教育、情操教育、心灵教育,也是丰富想象力和培养创新意识的教育。党的教育方针明确规定要培养德智体美劳全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人。美育作为全面发展教育不可或缺的组成部分,既要培养学生的审美与人文素养,又要以美的事物所独具的形象性和生动性、感染力和魅力来促进学生积极价值观的形成,激发学生学习与探索真知的欲望。在中国特色社会主义新时代,美育在全面发展教育中的地位和作用受到前所未有的重视,同时还被赋予了新内涵和新使命。
2015年9月,《国务院办公厅关于全面加强和改进学校美育工作的意见》发布,强调“立德树人,以美育人”,要求“把培育和践行社会主义核心价值观融入学校美育全过程,根植中华优秀传统文化深厚土壤,汲取人类文明优秀成果,引领学生树立正确的审美观念、陶冶高尚的道德情操、培育深厚的民族情感、激发想象力和创新意识、拥有开阔的眼光和宽广的胸怀”[1]。2018年9月,习近平总书记在全国教育大会上强调,“要全面加强和改进学校美育,坚持以美育人、以文化人,提高学生审美和人文素养”[2]。2019年1月,教育部部长陈宝生在全国教育工作会议上指出,“从薄弱处着手落实立德树人根本任务……美育要有刚性要求”[3]。2020年10月,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发了《关于全面加强和改进新时代学校美育工作的意见》,要求各地区各部门结合实际认真贯彻落实,强调“要把美育纳入各级各类学校人才培养全过程,贯穿学校教育各学段,培养德智体美劳全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人……到2022年,学校美育取得突破性进展,美育课程全面开齐开足,教育教学改革成效显著,资源配置不断优化,评价体系逐步健全,管理机制更加完善,育人成效显著增强,学生审美和人文素养明显提升。到2035年,基本形成全覆盖、多样化、高质量的具有中国特色的现代化学校美育体系”[4]。学校美育在新时代肩负着重要的历史使命,必须跟上时代发展的步伐,增加新内容,创造新模式。
The Design of the Special Curriculum and the Innovation of Teaching Mode of the School Aesthetic Education in the New Era——A Case Study of "Urban Culture and Art Curriculum and Teaching" in Yuzhong District of Chongqing
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摘要: 学校美育是提高审美、化育心灵的主要途径。2018年9月, 习近平总书记在全国教育大会上强调“要全面加强和改进学校美育, 坚持以美育人、以文化人, 提高学生审美和人文素养”。美育在全面发展教育中的地位和作用受到前所未有的重视, 同时被赋予了新的使命。当前学校美育仍然面临重智育轻美育、师资力量薄弱、美育形式单调等问题。重庆市渝中区作为学校美育实验区, 对美育课程教学模式进行创新, 探索了一条具有时代性、社会性、地域文化特色和实践推广价值的美育途径, 即: 坚持时代文化和地方文化相融合的校本美育课程理念, 打造综合美育课程特色——将课程与活动及传统文化相结合; 积极开展“学校型”大型艺术活动, 突出综合性; 注重组织“社会型”大型艺术活动, 形成国内外审美互动、艺术家传帮带、生活体验与艺术审美相结合、家校融合、民族文化得以传承的良好局面; 搭建跨界艺术活动平台, 在实践劳作、艺术鉴赏、文艺展演中探寻“美”的创新教学模式。在中国特色社会主义新时代, 各地中小学校要根据新时代对美育的要求和自身所在的地域环境来开设丰富多样的艺术课程, 以“大美育、大课堂、大教学”理念探索创新多样化的美育教学模式, 不断提高学生审美素养。Abstract: School aesthetic education is the main way to improve the aesthetic and cultivate the soul. Its nature and content must be realized through artistic curriculum design and creative teaching mode. At the national education conference in September, 2018, general secretary Xi Jinping once again stressed the need to "comprehensively strengthen and improve school aesthetic education, adhere to aesthetic education and culture, and improve students' aesthetic and humanistic quality". Yuzhong District of Chongqing, as the experimental area of school aesthetic education, makes innovative explorations on the teaching mode of aesthetic education. To form a school-based aesthetic education curriculum concept that integrates the era culture and local culture, roots in the school's own characteristics, and deeply excavates the characteristics of regional culture. To create a comprehensive aesthetic education curriculum characterized by interdisciplinary integration of curriculum, activities and traditional culture. When it comes to "school type" large-scale art activities, it focuses on comprehensiveness and integration. As for "social type" large-scale artactivities, it forms the mode of aesthetic interaction at home and abroad, artists' help and guidance, life experience, home-school integration, and national culture inheritance; for cross-border art activities, it presents and explores the innovative teaching mode of "beauty" in practical work, appreciation and identification, performance and research. It puts forward the innovation path of systematic aesthetic education with the characteristics of times and society. Art and aesthetics have strong characteristics of time and space. At present, Chinese society has entered a new era. The art curriculum and aesthetic education in primary and secondary schools should reflect and innovate in the new era. On the one hand, primary and secondary schools must set up a variety of cultural courses, infiltration courses and comprehensive courses according to their own space-time environment; on the other hand, with the in-depth development of the information age, primary and secondary schools should also be good at using big data, artificial intelligence and other means to create a variety of aesthetic education teaching modes with big aesthetic education, big curriculum, big teaching and other big ideas.
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