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杜威(John Dewey)是美国实用主义教育学派的重要代表人物,在20世纪20年代来我国讲学,因其作为我国著名教育家陶行知先生的老师而被国内教育学界所熟知。不仅如此,杜威提出“儿童中心论”后,曾在学界引发研究者对其弱化教师作用的质疑,但国内大陆学者(张伟俊,1985;章达友,2001;李灵,2003;郑洁、李长伟,2003;赵晓艳,2005;赵向华,2005;杨洋,2007;张秋慧、郭志明,2008;卢丽珠,2012;代艳,2012;高蓉,2015;靳肖佳,2017;王玉洁、胡广霞,2018等)对此观点进行了积极的修正。这些学者表明了一个共识,即杜威并没有否定教师的作用,而是提出了不同于传统教育,具有更广阔视野、更高层次、更有建设性的教师观,如教师是儿童学习的领导者、经验的改造者、活动的组织者与研究者以及师生交互关系的交往者等。不过,部分台湾学者并非像大陆学者那样在文中一味赞扬和肯定杜威,而是较客观、理性地指出,杜威在论及教师时多用类比的方式描述,将“好教师”类比为“真神的代言人及天国的引路人”,具有明显的宗教意味。杜威当时已38岁,放弃了奉母命而接受福音派宗教信仰,杜威的真正想法认为教育是促使社会进步及改革的根本之道[1]。那么,杜威教师观的实质究竟如何?杜威一生中多次出国游学,国外学界对杜威教师观又是怎样一个认识?杜威教师观真正有价值的贡献在哪些方面?尤其是我国已进入新时代,杜威教师观具有怎样的现实意义?本文尝试回答上述问题,以期对我国新时代教师观的发展有所助益。
Dewey's View of Teachers and Its Edification for the New Era
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摘要: 杜威以类比的方式描述教师角色,表达了他希望通过教育实现社会民主的愿望,带有明显的宗教痕迹与理想主义色彩。杜威围绕其教师观的精髓——“教师是学生思维发展的领导者”——对教师这一支撑性角色做了不同表述,丰富了教师角色的多样性。但杜威将教育者与教师等同的理解方式,在某种程度上导致教师概念过度泛化,模糊了家庭、学校、社会不同场域的育人特征与方式。新时代下,要客观地把握杜威教师观的现实意义,秉持取其精华、去其糟粕的科学理性观点。Abstract: John Dewey describes the roles of teacher with an analogy to express his expectation not only for democracy from education, but also embodying his religion vestige and ideals. Centering on "Teacher as leader of student's thinking development", Dewey also describes some supporting roles of teacher, which enriches the teacher's diversity of roles. But Dewey regards educator as equal to teacher, which in some sense makes the concept of teacher too generalized, resulting in theindistinct range of education of family, school and society. To learn the modern significance of Dewey's view of teachers, we should see both its advantages and disadvantages so as to get its essence and discard its demerits.
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Key words:
- John Dewey /
- views of teachers /
- substance /
- edification .
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