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嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)属于弧菌科气单胞菌属, 是水产动物尤其鱼类常见的致病菌[1-2], 导致水产动物体表、内脏器官以及组织器官出血和炎症, 并引起大量死亡[3-5], 给水产养殖业造成严重的经济损失, 已引起人们的广泛关注[6].
目前, 对嗜水气单胞菌引起病害的防治方法主要有抗生素法、中草药防治法、疫苗法以及益生菌防控法[7], 其中以抗生素法为主.然而大量、频繁的用药导致细菌耐药性和环境污染等问题[8-9], 致使防治效果逐年下降, 使得抗生素的使用量越来越大.因此, 从生态友好的角度出发, 拮抗菌凭借防治病害、增进健康、无抗药性、无残留等优点[10], 正受到国内外研究学者越来越多的关注.微生物制剂在水产养殖上的应用始于1986年, 由于其广阔的应用前景, 已取得了广泛应用, 许多革兰氏阳性菌(如:芽孢杆菌属、节杆菌属、肠球菌、乳酸菌、乳球菌、小球菌)和革兰氏阴性菌(如:气单胞菌属、肠杆菌属、弧球菌属、假单胞菌属、伯克氏菌属)都作为益生菌应用于水产养殖过程中, 来促进水产动物的生长及健康水平, 其中芽孢杆菌属应用最广[11], 如短小芽孢杆菌B1能抑制副溶血弧菌[12]; 来自黄颡鱼肠道的枯草芽孢杆菌对温和气单胞菌、嗜水气单胞菌、大肠杆菌、迟缓爱德华氏菌及柱状嗜纤维菌都有很强的拮抗作用[13]; 地衣芽孢杆菌能有效抑制中华绒螯蟹致病性嗜水气单胞菌等[14].
目前已研究报道的对嗜水气单胞菌具有拮抗作用的菌株主要有乳酸杆菌、蛭弧菌、假单胞菌属以及芽孢杆菌属等[15], 但大多数拮抗菌株防治范围较小, 并且存在定殖能力弱、拮抗能力退化快、效果不稳定等问题.鉴此, 本试验从草鱼养殖池塘中分离、筛选出对病原性嗜水气单胞菌有较强拮抗作用的潜在益生菌, 并对其进行菌株鉴定, 以期为水产养殖过程中嗜水气单胞菌的生物防治提供微生物资源.
Screening and Identification of a New Antagonistic Bacteria Against Aeromonas hydrophila
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摘要: 从草鱼养殖池塘的水样及底泥样品中筛选对嗜水气单胞菌有拮抗作用的菌株, 初步研究其抑菌效果, 为水产养殖过程中嗜水气单胞菌的生物防治提供菌株资源.以嗜水气单胞菌为指示菌, 采用点喷法进行拮抗性菌株初筛, 采用牛津杯法进行复筛; 通过细菌形态观察、生理生化特性试验、16S rDNA基因测序和系统发育分析, 对筛选菌株进行分类鉴定.得到1株对嗜水气单胞菌有明显抑制作用的拮抗菌株WM-1, 抑菌圈直径达21.8 mm, 经鉴定为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus).该菌筛选得到的拮抗菌WM-1, 对嗜水气单胞菌抑制效果显著, 为进一步研究其抑菌机理提供了菌种资源.Abstract: The objective of this study was to screen and characterize an antagonistic strain against Aeromonas hydrophila from the water and sediment samples of a grass carp culture pond. In the present study, we use A. hydrophila as the index bacteria, use the point spraying method and the Oxford cup method for the antagonistic bacteria primary screening and second screening, respectively. The isolated antagonistic bacteria were identified by morphological characteristics, physiological and biochemical characteristics, 16S rDNA sequence and phylogenetic analysis. From the water and sediment samples of the grass carp culture pond, an antagonistic strain WM-1 against A. hydrophila was selected, whose antibacterial circle diameter to the pathogens was 21.8 mm. Strain WM-1 was identified as Bacillus methylotrophicus. A strain (WM-1) with high antagonistic activity against A. hydrophila has been selected. This research provides a new microorganism resource to further study the antibacterial mechanism against A. hydrophila.
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Key words:
- antagonistic bacterial strain /
- Aeromonas hydrophila /
- Bacillus methylotrophicus .
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表 1 不同细菌的拮抗活性
菌株编号 抑菌圈/mm 菌株来源 WM-1 21.8±0.763 底泥 WM-2 11.3±0.577 底泥 WM-3 19.5±0.500 底泥 WM-4 19.1±0.763 底泥 SM-1 11.1±0.577 水样 SM-2 11.8±0.288 水样 SM-3 15.0±0.500 水样 SM-4 12.0±0.500 水样 注:表中数据为平均值±标准差, n=3. 表 2 WM-1菌株的生理生化特征
测定项目 结果 接触酶 + V-P测定 + 甲基红 + 运动性 + 甘露糖 + 酪素水解 + 明胶水解 + 淀粉水解 + 吲哚 + H2S产生 - 硝酸盐还原 + 氧化酶 + 蔗糖 + 麦芽糖 + 乳糖 + 果糖 + 半乳糖 - D-葡萄糖 + 纤维素 + 丙二酸盐 - pH值为4 - 尿素 - 注:“+”表示阳性; “-”表示阴性. -
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