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群体身份与群际互动不仅是个体自尊的重要来源,也是集体自尊(collective self-esteem)的重要来源.由于集体自尊指向个体对自己所属群体重要性的评价和感受[1],反应自我概念的群体自我特征,因而更容易与群体过程相互作用.高集体自尊会影响群际过程,如高集体自尊群体成员会表现出更多的内群偏爱行为[2],幸福感水平更高,抑郁和焦虑水平更低[3];群际互动情境以及相关因素也会影响集体自尊,预期自己将成为更典型的内群体成员会提高成员集体自尊和私人集体自尊[4];拓展训练可以提高大学生的集体自尊[5];一些相关研究[6]也表明归属感对集体自尊有显著的正向预测作用.
积极群际情境会提高集体自尊,消极的群际情境如社会威胁则会降低集体自尊.研究发现,认同威胁会降低高认同个体的私人集体自尊[7],群体自尊威胁会降低个体的公众集体自尊[8].社会威胁的其他成分如群际威胁也可能与认同威胁一样降低集体自尊.群际威胁指的是某个群体的成员知觉到另一个群体的成员可能会给自己的群体带来伤害进而引起的消极体验,包括现实威胁和象征威胁等成分.现实威胁是指对群体的领土、政治权力、经济利益等的威胁;象征威胁包括对群体信念、宗教、价值观、世界观、社会规范等的威胁.现实威胁和象征威胁是否与社会威胁的其他成分(如认同威胁)一样对集体自尊产生影响作用还需要直接的实证数据支持.
按照群际威胁潜在模型理论的观点,群体情绪是群际威胁与群体态度的中介变量,如群际威胁和内群体态度的关系就以群体愤怒为中介[9],作为集体态度的一个方面,集体自尊受群际威胁的影响也可能通过群体情绪产生.群际威胁经常会诱发对外群体的消极群体情绪,如现实威胁会引起对外群体的愤怒和恐惧,象征威胁和社会认同威胁则会引起嫉妒和愤怒[10],也会引发内群体消极情绪如不满,以及积极情绪的降低.研究发现[11]对内群体不满感会影响集体自尊.因此,群际威胁诱发消极群体情绪或者降低积极群体情绪,并因而降低了集体自尊.
已有研究证实认同威胁会降低集体自尊,群际威胁中的其他成分也会降低集体自尊,群体情绪是群际威胁与群体态度的中介变量,因此,群际威胁对集体自尊的作用可能是通过群体情绪产生的.本研究基于群际威胁的潜在模型理论,通过2个实验考察群际威胁对集体自尊的作用以及群体情绪的作用.研究结果可以更好的理解集体自尊的形成与变化过程,进一步解释群际威胁对内群体的作用,发现群际威胁与内群体态度乃至自我概念的关系,有助于扩展群际威胁理论.
Effects of Intergroup Threats on Collective Self-Esteem-Group——Based Pride as the Mediator
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摘要: 集体自尊是群体活动的重要动机之一,采用实验法探索了群际威胁中的现实威胁与象征威胁对集体自尊影响的作用机制.实验1和实验2分别诱发现实威胁和象征威胁,考察在2种威胁情境下集体自尊的变化.2个实验共同发现,群际威胁对集体自尊具有消极作用:现实威胁组显著降低了公众集体自尊,对私人集体自尊没有显著影响;象征威胁显著降低私人集体自尊,对公众集体自尊没有显著影响.群体骄傲感在群际威胁对集体自尊的影响中起到完全中介作用,实验表明现实威胁与象征威胁会通过降低个体对所属群体的骄傲感来降低集体自尊.Abstract: Collective self-esteem is the self-esteem derived from one's group membership and evaluation of that group. It is one of the motives to maintain a positive social identity. However, there are few studies to explore the effects of realistic threats and symbolic threats on collective self-esteem. We conducted two experiments to explore the effects of the two types of threats, respectively. We manipulated intergroup threat conditions and then measured collective self-esteem. The results of both experiments showed that intergroup threat had negative effects on collective self-esteem. The realistic threat significantly lowered the public collective self-esteem of the participants but had no significant effect on their private collective self-esteem.In contrast, the symbolic threat significantly decreased their private collective self-esteem but had no significant effect on their public collective self-esteem. The group-based pride was the mediator in those effects. This study indicated that intergroup threats decrease collective self-esteem completely through decreasing the intensity of one's group-based pride.
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Key words:
- realistic threat /
- symbolic threat /
- collective self-esteem /
- group-based emotion .
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表 1 现实威胁对群体情绪的影响
情绪词 M(SD) t d 控制组 威胁组 骄傲 5.87(1.18) 5.21(1.09) 2.36* 0.59 羞愧 1.61(0.95) 2.12(1.39) -1.69 -0.42 希望 6.45(0.51) 6.06(1.15) 1.81 0.44 无望 1.32(0.48) 1.53(1.05) -1.04 -0.25 注:*:p < 0.05. 表 2 现实威胁、群体情绪、公众集体自尊之间的相关
变量 威胁 骄傲 羞愧 希望 无望 公众集体自尊 威胁 - 骄傲 -0.29* - 羞愧 0.21 -0.25* - 希望 -0.22 0.52* -0.39** - 无望 0.13 -0.22 0.66** -0.45** - 公众集体自尊 -0.30* 0.34* -0.24 0.08 0.01 - 注:*:p < 0.05;**:p < 0.01.威胁为虚拟变量,0代表无威胁,1代表现实威胁. 表 3 群体骄傲中介效应检验结果
群体骄傲 公众集体自尊 b SE p b SE p 现实威胁 a -0.29 0.12 0.02 c' -0.22 0.12 0.07 群体骄傲 b 0.27 0.12 0.03 R2=0.08 R2=0.16 F(1,63)=5.58,p < 0.05 F(2,62)=5.85,p < 0.01 表 4 象征威胁对群体情绪的影响
情绪词 M(SD) t d 控制组/威胁组 控制组/威胁组 骄傲 6.03(0.71) 4.25(1.39) 6.44** 1.62 羞愧 1.58(1.15) 2.88(1.56) -3.76** -0.94 希望 5.97(1.17) 4.81(1.38) 3.58** 0.90 无望 1.35(0.66) 2.53(1.41) -4.25** -1.07 注:**:p < 0.01. 表 5 象征威胁、群体情绪、私人集体自尊之间的相关
变量 威胁 骄傲 羞愧 希望 无望 私人集体自尊 威胁 - 骄傲 -0.63** - 羞愧 0.43** -0.41* - 希望 -0.42** 0.74** -0.27* - 无望 0.47** -0.50** 0.64** -0.30* - 私人集体自尊 -0.35** 0.46** -0.12 0.29 -0.20 - 注:*:p < 0.05;**:p < 0.01.威胁为虚拟变量,0代表无威胁,1代表象征威胁. 表 6 群体骄傲中介效应检验结果
群体骄傲 公众集体自尊 b SE p b SE p 象征威胁 a -0.63 0.10 0.00 c' -0.10 0.15 0.49 群体骄傲 b 0.40 0.15 0.01 R2=0.40 R2=0.22 F(1,61)=40.70,p < 0.001 F(2,60)=8.48,p < 0.001 -
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