The National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents: Recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention[EB/OL]. (2019-06-26)[2020-05-16]. https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines/html/4/adult-and-adolescent-opportunistic-infection/322/toxoplasma-gondii-encephalitis.
HO M. Cytomegalovirus[M]. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1982.
BRANTSæTER A B. Cytomegalovirus Infection in Patients with HIV-1. Diagnosis, Disease, and Death in Coinfected Patients in Norway and Tanzania[D]. Norway: Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo, 2013.
COMPSTONL I, LI C Y, SARKODIE F, et al. Prevalence of Persistent and Latent Viruses in Untreated Patients Infected with HIV-1 from Ghana, West Africa[J]. Journal of Medical Virology, 2009, 81(11): 1860-1868.
RABENAUH F, LENNEMANN T, KIRCHER C, et al. Prevalence- And Gender-Specific Immune Response to Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Infected Patients in Lesotho[J]. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2010, 37(7): 454-459.
SCHLEISS M R. Maternal Immunization: Cytomegalovirus[M]. US: Academic Press, 2020: 253-288.
林果为, 王吉耀, 葛均波.实用内科学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社, 2017.
唐华.人巨细胞病毒感染的实验室诊断技术研究进展[J].现代医学卫生, 2015, 31(3): 383-386.
FREEMANR B. The 'Indirect' Effects of Cytomegalovirus Infection[J]. American Journal of Transplantation, 2009, 9(11): 2453-2458.
TSELISAC. Cytomegalovirus Infections of the Adult Human Nervous System[J]. Handbook Clinical Neurology, 2014,123: 307-318.
FLETCHERJ M, PRENTICE H G, GRUNDY J E. Natural Killer Cell Lysis of Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected Cells Correlates with Virally Induced Changes in Cell Surface Lymphocyte Function-associated Antigen-3 (LFA-3) Expression and not with the CMV-induced Down-regulation of Cell Surface Class I HLA[J]. Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 1998,161(5): 2365-2374.
REYBURNH T, MANDELBOIM O, VALÉS-GÓMEZ M, et al. The Class I MHC Homologue of Human Cytomegalovirus Inhibits Attack by Natural Killer Cells[J]. Nature, 1997,386(6624): 514-517.
LUĈIN P, MAHMUTEFENDIĆ H, BLAGOJEVIĆ ZAGORAC G, et al. Cytomegalovirus Immune Evasion by Perturbation of Endosomal Trafficking[J]. Cellular & Molecular Immunology, 2015, 12(2): 154-169.
SPRAGUEE R, REINHARD H, CHEUNG E J, et al. The Human Cytomegalovirus Fc Receptor Gp68 Binds the Fc CH2-CH3 Interface of Immunoglobulin G[J]. Journal of Virology, 2008, 82(7): 3490-3499.
LOONEY R J, FALSEY A, CAMPBELL D, et al. Role of Cytomegalovirus in the T Cell Changes Seen in Elderly Individuals[J]. Clinical Immunology, 1999, 90(2): 213-219.
金艳, 邓松华, 王明丽.人巨细胞病毒先天性感染实验室诊断的研究进展[J].安徽医科大学学报, 2011, 46(3): 282-285.
冯文雅, 刘钢.儿童巨细胞病毒感染诊治进展[J].传染病信息, 2019, 32(3): 265-269.
SPRINGERK L, WEINBERG A. Cytomegalovirus Infection in the Era of HAART: Fewer Reactivations and more Immunity[J]. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2004, 54(3): 582-586.
EDWARDS S G, GROVER D, SCOTT C, et al. Cytomegalovirus Viral Load Testing of Blood Using Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction in Acutely Unwell HIV-1-Positive Patients Lacks Diagnostic Utility[J]. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 2007, 18(5): 321-323.
LJUNGMAN P, BOECKH M, HIRSCHH H, et al. Definitions of Cytomegalovirus Infection and Disease in Transplant Patients for Use in Clinical Trials: Table 1[J]. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2017, 64(1): 87-91.
OWERSD S, WEBSTER A C, STRIPPOLI G F, et al. Pre-emptive Treatment for Cytomegalovirus Viraemia to Prevent Cytomegalovirus Disease in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients[J]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013. DOI: 10. 1002/14651858. cd005133. pub2.
MATTIONI S, PAVIE J, PORCHER R, et al. Assessment of theEfficacy and Safety of Pre-emptive Anti-cytomegalovirus (CMV) Therapy in HIV-infected Patients with CMV Viraemia[J]. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 2015, 26(5): 306-312.
浙江省医学会热带病与寄生虫病分会艾滋病学组.艾滋病合并巨细胞病毒视网膜炎诊治浙江省专家共识[J].中华临床感染病杂志, 2019, 12(5): 331-338.
ORENSTEINJ M, DIETERICH D T. The Histopathology of 103 Consecutive Colonoscopy Biopsies from 82 Symptomatic Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Original and Look-back Diagnoses[J]. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 2001,125(8): 1042-1046.
WHITLEYR J. Guidelines for the Treatment of Cytomegalovirus Diseases in Patients with AIDS in the Era of Potent Antiretroviral Therapy[J]. Archives of Internal Medicine, 1998,158(9): 957.
谈路轩, 曹伟军, 黄文斌, 等.免疫正常患者巨细胞病毒食管炎1例报道并文献复习[J].胃肠病学和肝病学杂志, 2018, 27(2): 236-238.
KOFTERIDISD P, KARABEKIOS S, REPA A, et al. A Case of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Disclosed by Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis[J]. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2007, 11(4): 373-375.
MARRACM. Other Central Nervous System Infections: Cytomegalovirus, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, and Treponema Pallidum[J]. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 2018,152: 151-166.
CEBALLOSM E, RODRIGUEZ I, SANDOVAL P, et al. Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis in the post-HAART Era[J]. AIDS, 2018, 32(4): 533-535.
BYLSMAS S. The Predictive Value of Cytomegalovirus Retinitis for Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome[J]. Archives of Ophthalmology, 1995,113(1): 89.
ARRIBASJ R. Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis[J]. Annals of Internal Medicine, 1996,125(7): 577.
GRIFFITHS P. CytomegalovirusInfection of the Central Nervous System[J]. Herpes: the Journal of the IHMF, 2004, 11(Suppl 2): 95A-104A.
PUPAIBOOL J, LIMPERA H. Other HIV-Associated Pneumonias[J]. Clinics in Chest Medicine, 2013, 34(2): 243-254.
SKALSKI J, LIMPER A. Fungal, Viral, and Parasitic Pneumonias Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus[J]. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 2016, 37(2): 257-266.
郑秀, 李秋钰.造血干细胞移植患者巨细胞病毒肺炎的诊治进展[J].国际呼吸杂志, 2018, 38(17): 1348-1352.
中华医学会消化病学分会炎症性肠病学组.炎症性肠病合并机会性感染专家共识意见[J].中华消化杂志, 2017, 37(4): 217-226.
张曦, 熊菀.巨细胞病毒感染诊治进展[J].儿科药学杂志, 2014, 20(6): 51-54.
陈强, 王明丽, 施浩强.肾移植后人巨细胞病毒肺炎的诊断与治疗研究进展[J].安徽医学, 2017, 38(12): 1617-1620.
张志辉, 刘晓, 蒙觉, 等.非免疫抑制重症患者巨细胞病毒感染诊治研究进展[J].中华危重症医学杂志, 2019, 12(2): 128-132.
李兰娟, 任红, 高志良.传染病学[M].北京:人民卫生出版社, 2018.
SOLANA R, TARAZONA R, AIELLOA E, et al. CMV and Immunosenescence: From Basics to Clinics[J]. Immunity & Ageing, 2012, 9: 23.
ROSS S A, NOVAK Z, PATI S, et al. Overview of the Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Infection[J]. Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets, 2011, 11(5): 466-474.
刘聪, 戴薇, 肖德俊, 等.巨细胞病毒感染诊断方法的研究进展[J].实验与检验医学, 2014, 32(6): 703-704,766.
NAKASE H, MATSUMURA K, YOSHINO T, et al. SystematicReview: Cytomegalovirus Infection in Inflammatory Bowel Disease[J]. Journal of Gastroenterology, 2008, 43(10): 735-740.
ROSS S A, NOVAK Z, PATI S, et al. Overview of the Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Infection[J]. Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets, 2011, 11(5): 466-474.
曹兴午, 李翠英, 袁长巍.巨细胞病毒感染、包涵体形成与生精细胞凋亡及不育症[J].中国性科学, 2014, 23(3): 66-73.
WU G D, SHINTAKU I P, CHIEN K, et al. A Comparison of Routine Light Microscopy, Immunohistochemistry, and in Situ Hybridization for the Detection of Cytomegalovirus in Gastrointestinal Biopsies[J]. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 1989, 84(12): 1517-1520.
DIETERICHD T, RAHMIN M. Cytomegalovirus Colitis in AIDS: Presentation in 44 Patients and a Review of the Literature[J]. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1991, 4(Suppl 1): S29-S35.
COTTE L, DROUET E, BISSUEL F, et al. DiagnosticValue of Amplification of Human Cytomegalovirus DNA from Gastrointestinal Biopsies from Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Patients[J]. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1993, 31(8): 2066-2069.
KANDIEL A, LASHNER B. CytomegalovirusColitis Complicating Inflammatory Bowel Disease[J]. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 2006,101(12): 2857-2865.
SHI Y, LU H Z, HE T W, et al. Prevalence and Clinical Management of Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in AIDS Patients in Shanghai, China[J]. BMC Infectious Diseases, 2011, 11: 326.
GARG S J. Color Atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Ophthalmology: Uveitis[M]. 2nd Ed ed: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (LWW), 2018.
PORTA D, ORLIN A, KISS S, et al. Cytomegalovirus Retinitis: a Review[J]. Journal of Ocular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2017, 33(4): 224-234.
叶俊杰.艾滋病眼底病变图谱[M].北京:人民卫生出版社, 2017.
李海燕, 叶俊杰.巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎[J].中国医学科学院学报, 2003, 25(2): 223-227.
SUZUKI H. SpecificEndoscopic Features of Ulcerative Colitis Complicated by Cytomegalovirus Infection[J]. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2010, 16(10): 1245.
魏民华.巨细胞病毒肠道感染对溃疡性结肠炎患者临床特征及预后影响的Meta分析[D].石家庄: 河北医科大学, 2017.http://cdmd.cnki.com.cn/Article/CDMD-10089-1017827140.htm
中华医学会消化病学分会炎症性肠病学组.炎症性肠病诊断与治疗的共识意见[J].中华炎性肠病杂志, 2018(3): 173-190.
邹涛, 韩文静, 周旭春.食管良性溃疡的内镜诊断与鉴别诊断[J].安徽医学, 2019, 40(8): 953-955.
吴迪, 谢红浪.肺孢子虫肺炎与巨细胞病毒肺炎影像学特点[J].肾脏病与透析肾移植杂志, 2010, 19(1): 66-70.
TUFAIL A, MOEA A, MILLER M J, et al. Quantitative Cytomegalovirus DNA Level in the Blood and Its Relationship to Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in Patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome11Digene Hybrid Capture System Assays were Provided by Digene Corporation, Beltsville, Maryland. the Authors Have no Proprietary Interest in the Development or Marketing of Digene Hybrid Capture System or Competing Tests[J]. Ophthalmology, 1999,106(1): 133-141.
EL AMARI E B, COMBESCURE C, YERLY S, et al. Clinical Relevance of Cytomegalovirus Viraemia(*, Dager)[J]. HIV Medicine, 2011, 12(7): 394-402.
MARTIND F, SIERRA-MADERO J, WALMSLEY S, et al. A Controlled Trial of Valganciclovir as Induction Therapy for Cytomegalovirus Retinitis[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 2002,346(15): 1119-1126.
中华医学会感染病学分会艾滋病丙型肝炎学组, 中国疾病预防与控制中心.中国艾滋病诊疗指南(2018版)[J].中华传染病杂志, 2018, 36(12): 705-724.
BAGHBAN A, MALINIS M. Ganciclovir and Foscarnet Dual-therapy for Cytomegalovirus Encephalitis: a Case Report and Review of the Literature[J]. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 2018,388: 28-36.
ANDUZE-FARISB M, FILLET A M, GOZLAN J, et al. Induction and Maintenance Therapy of Cytomegalovirus Central Nervous System Infection in HIV-infected Patients[J]. AIDS, 2000, 14(5): 517-524.
MANISCHEWITZ J F, QUINNAN G V, LANE H C, et al. Synergistic Effect of Ganciclovir and Foscarnet on Cytomegalovirus Replication in Vitro[J]. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 1990, 34(2): 373-375.
巨春蓉, 韦兵, 练巧燕, 等实体器官移植术后巨细胞病毒肺炎的防治策略——ATS巨细胞病毒肺炎的诊治指南解读[J].器官移植, 2019, 10(1): 88-90.
JABSD A, ENGER C, DUNN J P, et al. Cytomegalovirus Retinitis and Viral Resistance[J]. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1998,177(3): 770-773.
FISHERC E, KNUDSEN J L, LEASE E D, et al. Risk Factors and Outcomes of Ganciclovir-Resistant Cytomegalovirus Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients[J]. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2017, 65(1): 57-63.
HANTZ S, GARNIER-GEOFFROY F, MAZERON M C, et al. Drug-resistantCytomegalovirus in Transplant Recipients: a French Cohort Study[J]. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 2010, 65(12): 2628-2640.
RAZONABLER R. Antiviral Drugs for Viruses other than Human Immunodeficiency Virus[J]. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2011, 86(10): 1009-1026.
PLOSAE J, ESBENSHADE J C, FULLER M P, et al. Cytomegalovirus Infection[J]. Pediatrics in Review, 2012, 33(4): 156-163.
MYLONAKIS E, KALLASW M, FISHMAN J A. Combination Antiviral Therapy for Ganciclovir-Resistant Cytomegalovirus Infection in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients[J]. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2002, 34(10): 1337-1341.
OTITI-SENGERI J, MEENKEN C, VAN DEN HORNG J, et al. Ocular Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndromes[J]. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, 2008, 3(4): 432-437.
JABSD A, VAN NATTA M L, KEMPEN J H, et al. Characteristics of Patients with Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy22[J]. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2002,133(1): 48-61.
KARAVELLASM P, PLUMMER D J, MACDONALD J C, et al. Incidence of Immune Recovery Vitritis in Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Patients Following Institution of Successful Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy[J]. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1999,179(3): 697-700.
WOHLD A, KENDALL M A, OWENS S, et al. The Safety of Discontinuation of Maintenance Therapy for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Retinitis and Incidence of Immune Recovery Uveitis Following Potent Antiretroviral Therapy[J]. HIV Clinical Trials, 2005, 6(3): 136-146.
NGUYEN Q D, KEMPEN J H, BOLTON S G, et al. Immune Recovery Uveitis in Patients with AIDS and Cytomegalovirus Retinitis after Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy[J]. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2000,129(5): 634-639.
ROBINSON M R, REED G, CSAKY K G, et al. Immune-Recovery Uveitis in Patients with Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Taking Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy[J]. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2000,130(1): 49-56.
KARAVELLAS M P, SONG M, MACDONALD J, et al. Long-Term Posterior and Anterior Segment Complications of Immune Recovery Uveitis Associated with Cytomegalovirus Retinitis[J]. American Journal of Ophthalmology, 2000,130(1): 57-64.
KEMPENJ H, MIN Y I, FREEMAN W R, et al. Risk of Immune Recovery Uveitis in Patients with AIDS and Cytomegalovirus Retinitis[J]. Ophthalmology, 2006,113(4): 684-694.
THORNEJ E, JABS D A, KEMPEN J H, et al. Causes of Visual Acuity Loss among Patients with AIDS and Cytomegalovirus Retinitis in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy[J]. Ophthalmology, 2006,113(8): 1441-1445.
MEINTJES G, SCRIVEN J, MARAIS S. Management of theImmune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome[J]. AIDS Reports, 2012, 9(3): 238-250.
WOHLD A, KENDALL M A, ANDERSEN J, et al. Low Rate of CMV End-Organ Disease in HIV-Infected Patients Despite Low CD4+ Cell Counts and CMV Viremia: Results of ACTG Protocol A5030[J]. HIV Clinical Trials, 2009, 10(3): 143-152.
SPECTORS A, MCKINLEY G F, LALEZARI J P, et al. Oral Ganciclovir for the Prevention of Cytomegalovirus Disease in Persons with AIDS[J]. New England Journal of Medicine, 1996,334(23): 1491-1497.