The Impact of Effort Reward Imbalance on the Subjective Well being of the Elderly: The Multiple Mediation Effect ofSocial Support and Social Control Beliefs
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摘要: 家庭生活是老年人生活的核心,因此理解老年人的家庭压力是改善老年人生活质量的关键。付出回报不平衡理论(effort-reward imbalance Model,ERI Model)是目前有关压力最为流行的理论之一,大量研究发现ERI能影响个体的生理和心理健康,但老年人家庭ERI影响主观幸福感的机制仍不清楚。本研究结果表明:(1)老年人家庭ERI能负向预测主观幸福感,该路径的直接效应占总体效应的58.7%;(2)社会支持能部分中介老年人家庭ERI对主观幸福感的影响,该路径的中介效应占总体效应的21.9%;(3)社会交往掌控感能部分中介老年人家庭ERI对主观幸福感的影响,该路径的中介效应占总体效应的10.7%;(4)社会支持通过社会交往掌控感能部分中介老年人家庭ERI对主观幸福感的影响,该路径的二重中介效应占总体效应的8.7%,所有三条中介路径的间接效应占总体效应的41.3%。
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关键词:
- 家庭付出回报不平衡感 /
- 社会支持 /
- 社会交往掌控感 /
- 主观幸福感 /
- 多重中介效应
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表 1 平均数、标准差、题项总分相关系数和Cronbach's alpha系数
题项 Means(SD) Item-total correlations Alpha系数 付出分量表 3.3(0.75) 0.81 1.由于家里事情多,我经常感到时间紧迫 3.2(0.99) 0.68 2.每天我需要做很多家务活 3.3(1.03) 0.82 3.我必须承担很多家庭责任 3.7(0.90) 0.64 4.我常常因为家里的事筋疲力尽 2.9(1.04) 0.84 5.最近几年,家里的事情越来越多 3.1(1.04) 0.77 回报分量表 4.0(0.67) 0.82 1.子女都很尊敬我 4.1(0.85) 0.75 2.配偶很尊重我 3.9(0.93) 0.78 3.在我遇到困难时,家里人给了我足够的支持 4.1(0.78) 0.77 4.在家里,我受到了不公平的对待 4.1(0.97) 0.74 5.就我对家庭的付出而言我得到了家里人的尊重 4.0(0.83) 0.81 过度承诺分量表 3.2(0.83) 0.80 1.早晨一起床我就开始想着家里的事 3.3(1.04) 0.79 2.大家都说我为家庭牺牲太多 3.4(0.90) 0.73 3.上床睡觉时,我还在想着家里的事 3.1(1.05) 0.86 4.如果没有把家里要做的事做完,晚上就睡不好 3.2(1.08) 0.79 表 2 探索性因素分析结果
题项 F1 F2 F3 由于家里事情多,我经常感到时间紧迫 0.60 每天我需要做很多家务活 0.83 我必须承担很多家庭责任 0.66 我常常因为家里的事筋疲力尽 0.79 最近几年,家里的事情越来越多 0.71 子女都很尊敬我 0.76 配偶很尊重我 0.77 在我遇到困难的时,家里人给了我足够的支持 0.81 在家里,我受到了不公平的对待 0.72 就我对家庭的付出而言,我得到了家里人的尊重 0.83 早晨一起床我就开始想着家里的事 0.83 大家都说我为家庭牺牲的太多 0.77 上床睡觉时,我还在想着家里的事 0.69 如果我没有把家里要做的事做完,晚上我就睡不好 0.57 解释量(%) 32.4 22.3 7.27 表 3 老年人家庭版ERI问卷的各维度和非互惠社会关系问卷各维度之间的相关
1婚姻关系 2父母子女关系 3非特定信任关系 4付出 5回报 6过度承诺 7 ERI 1 1 0.44** 0.20** 0.03 0.61*** 0.04 -0.33** 2 1 0.10 0.09 0.66*** 0.09 -0.34** 3 1 -0.33** 0.35** -0.30** -0.45** 4 1 -0.05 0.64*** 0.71*** 5 1 0.00 -0.67*** 6 1 0.47** 注:***p<.001,**p<.01 表 4 各个变量的平均数、标准差、最小值、最大值和相关系数
变量 Mean SD Min Max 1 2 3 1社会支持 63.74 10.29 32.00 87.00 1 2 ERI 0.84 0.28 0.23 2.40 0.27*** 1 3社会交往掌控感 41.25 5.56 21.00 55.00 0.56*** -0.31*** 1 4 SWB 14.54 2.15 7.50 22.30 0.39*** -0.29*** 0.37*** 注:***p<.001,**p<.01 表 5 社会支持通过社会交往掌控感在ERI对SWB影响中的二重中介效应分析结果
Estimates S. E. 95%C. I. P a1 -0.270 0.062 0.000 b1 0.237 0.074 0.001 d 0.516 0.049 0.000 a2 -0.171 0.056 0.002 b2 0.182 0.076 0.016 c' -0.172 0.060 (-0.055,-0.290) 0.004 IE1(pm1) -0.064(21.9%) 0.026 (-0.014,-0.115) 0.013 IE2(pm2) -0.031(10.7%) 0.018 (-0.005,-0.067) 0.087 IE3(pm3) -0.025(8.7%) 0.013 (-0.001,-0.005) 0.042 IEt -0.121(41.3%) 0.028 (-0.065,-0.176) 0.000 TE -0.293 0.056 (-0.183,-0.403) 0.000 注:社会支持和社会交往掌控感作为中介变量的多重中介模型包括:通过社会支持的简介效应(IE1=a1b1),通过社会交往掌控感的中介效应(IE2=a2b2),通过社会支持和社会交往掌控感的二重中介效应(IE3=a1db2),间接总效应(IEt=IE1+IE2+IE3),总效应(TE=IEt+c'),和这些不同路径所解释变异的百分比(PM1=IE1/TE,PM2=IE2/TE,PM3=IE3/TE和PMt=IEt/TE) -
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