-
作为我国补充优质师资、促进教育公平的重要政策之一,公费师范教育经历了自2007年在教育部直属师范大学试点实施的起步阶段、2013年向部分地方师范院校拓展的完善推进阶段、以2018年《教育部直属师范大学师范生公费教育实施办法》(以下简称《办法》)的出台为标志,将“师范生免费教育政策”调整为“师范生公费教育政策”的转型阶段。自2007年政策出台以来,已“累计招收公(免)费师范生超过11万人”[1],为我国基础教育输送了大量优质的教师资源,为促进我国教育公平发展提供了有力的人力资源支撑。
但是,在公费师范教育政策实施过程中,不同利益主体之间的价值冲突逐渐显现,一定程度上影响了政策的实施效度。学界已有研究关注任教农村的履约规定与毕业生就业期望之间的冲突,发现农村地区对公费师范毕业生缺乏吸引力,农村地区的生活环境、工作环境及发展前景是部分公费师范生拒绝长期扎根农村的主要因素[2]。就读一流大学的教育福利使部分不乐教的学生,牺牲专业兴趣选择了公费师范教育,学术兴趣与定向就业之间的矛盾也是部分公费师范生毕业后未能长期从教的因素之一[3]。农村生源地公费师范生需要面临在农村接受初级、中级教育,进入城市接受高等教育,返回农村任教的生活轨迹,经历着城乡内在身份变迁的期望与落差[4],其本质为公费师范生提高社会地位的期望与公费师范教育政策公平旨趣之间的价值冲突[5]。有研究发现公费师范教育的培养模式与用人单位需求之间的匹配度有待提升,在价值引导以及课程设置方面,普通教师教育培养模式未能充分考虑师范生高等教育前的学习经历以及农村地区的教育需求,任教农村的公费师范生面临职前教育形成的知识体系实践适用性不高的困境[6]。概而观之,国家、高校、师范生、用人单位等利益主体之间的潜在矛盾影响着政策的实施效度,但目前少有研究以制度逻辑观照公费师范教育制度场域中各主体间的价值冲突。为实现政策理想与实施效度的真正契合,本文从制度逻辑视角探究公费师范教育的政策意蕴与价值旨归,并以制度逻辑间的协调互补为内在机理,提出有效的改革路径,以期完善公费师范教育政策。
The Policy Logics and Reformation of State-Funded Teacher Education in China
-
摘要: 教育场域是由不同制度逻辑间的相互作用建构的。公费师范教育作为国家补充优质师资、促进教育公平发展的重要举措,蕴含了国家逻辑、市场逻辑和专业逻辑之间的博弈联动与互动制衡。公费师范教育彰显了国家通过均衡配置教师资源、促进教育公平的逻辑旨趣,隐藏着国家补偿教育短板、追求教育均衡发展的政策旨趣,并用契约监控和公费教育两大政策杠杆为其提供制度保障,赋予其国家荣誉。同时,规制市场逻辑引发的师资结构性失衡,以优质教师教育体现注重专业质量的专业逻辑。基于公费师范教育的三维制度逻辑分析,提出了公费师范教育的改革路径:彰显国家逻辑,鼓励地方师范院校介入,构建立体多元的公费师范教育体系;突出专业逻辑,推行师范专业认证,保障公费师范教育培养质量;协调市场逻辑与专业逻辑,健全动态的准入准出机制;通过国家逻辑和市场逻辑的联动,建立部属师范大学-省部共建师范大学-省属师范大学三级培养主体分类管理、公费师范生-非师范生两种培养形式互通桥接、一级-二级-三级学业考核分级分流的类级互嵌考核机制,提高公费师范生综合素养;强化专业逻辑,促进专业发展,实现职前培养和职后培训一体化。Abstract: The education field is constructed by the interaction between different policy logics. As an important state policy to supplement quality teachers and promote the equitable development of education, China's state-funded teacher education program contains the interaction, checks and balances between the logics of state, of market and of profession. The program demonstrates the country's aim of allocating teacher resources in a balanced manner to promote educational equity. It embeds the policy interest of compensating education in disadvantaged areas and pursuing a balanced education development. Meanwhile, it uses the contract monitoring and stated fund as incentives to provide institutional guarantees and give state-funded teacher education national honor. At the same time, the policy regulates the logic of market which causes the structural imbalance of teacher allocation and reflects the logic of profession by focusing on professional quality with high-quality teacher education. Based on the analysis of the three-dimensional policy logic, the reformation strategies of state-funded teacher education are proposed. The policy can highlight the logic of state, encourage local normal universities to participate and build a diversified state-funded teacher education system. By highlighting the logic of profession by introduing professional accrediation of teacher education, it can further ensure the quality of student-teachers. With the coordination between the logics of market and of profession, it can improve the dynamic entry-exit mechanism. A category-based graded assessment mechanism can be established to improve the professional quality of state-funded teacher students. Within the mechanism, three categories of normal universities can launch state-funded teacher education program, including normal universities under the sole direction of the Ministry of Education of China, those under the joint direction of the Ministry of Education of China and provincial education authorites as well as those under the sole direction of provincial education authorites. Meanwhile, the mechanism can be a bridge for the identity transformation between the state-funded student teachers and majors other than teacher education. Based on a graded performance assessment, the mechanism provides diversified career choices for graduates. The policy can strengthen the logic of profession to promote teachers' professional development and achieve the integration of pre-service and in-service education.
-
制度逻辑 物质化表征 符号性表征 国家逻辑 国家行政机构掌握产品与服务的生产与分配,层级权力规划、分配、监督专业工作,经验和年限决定职业发展,个人和组织的资格与责任由明确的规则予以确定 理性化、标准化,调节与规制,服从组织,提高公众福祉 市场逻辑 行为主体作为消费者行动,根据产品和服务的质量与成本进行消费,受利益驱使,职业的流动性较大 自我利益、收益最大化,自由竞争、竞争优势,工作被视为谋生手段 专业逻辑 专业人员自主性,明确而严格的专业标准,专业化机构培养合格的专业人才 奉献于专业工作、服务他人,工匠精神、专业质量,从专业工作中获取满足感与成就感 -
[1] 中华人民共和国教育部.为建设教育强国提供"第一资源"[EB/OL].(2019-11-21)[2020-09-16].http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/moe_2082/zl_2019n/2019_zl69/201911/t20191121_409150.html. [2] 蒋蓉, 李新, 黄月胜, 等.地方师范院校公费师范生乡村小学从教意愿调查[J].教育研究与实验, 2019(6):29-34. doi: http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=jyyjysy201906005 [3] QIAO XUEFENG, LAI MANHONG.Pre-service teachers' job-related perceptions of teaching in rural areas:a study of the free teacher education programme in mainland China[J].Teachers and teaching, 2019(7):782-799. [4] 吴东照, 王运来, 操太圣, 等.师范生公费教育的政策创新与实践检视[J].中国教育学刊, 2019(11):89-93. doi: http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=zgjyxk201911020 [5] WANG DAN, GAO MANMAN.Educational equality or social mobility:the value conflict between preservice teachers and the free teacher education program in China[J].Teaching and teacher education, 2013(32):66-74. [6] YE WANGBEI.When rural meets urban:the transfer problem Chinese pre-service teachers face in teaching practice[J].Journal of education for teaching, 2016(1):28-49. [7] 罗格尔·弗利南德, 罗伯特·R.阿尔弗德.把社会因素重新纳入研究之中: 符号、实践与制度矛盾[G]//沃尔特·鲍威尔, 保罗·迪马吉奥.组织分析的新制度主义.姚伟, 译.上海: 上海人民出版社, 2008: 252-285. [8] THORNTON P H, OCASIO W, LOUNSBURY M.The institutional logics perspective:a new approach to culture, structure, and process[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2012. [9] doi: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=2727229&site=ehost-live THORNTON P H, OCASIO W.Institutional logics and the historical contingency of power in organizations:executive succession in the higher education publishing industry, 1958-1990[J].American journal of sociology, 1999(3):801-843. [10] THORNTON P H, OCASIO W.Institutional logics[C]//GREENWOOD R, OLIVER C, SAHLIN K, et al.The SAGE handbook of organizational institutionalism.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2008: 99-129. [11] 毛益民.制度逻辑冲突:场域约束与管理实践[J].广东社会科学, 2014(6):211-220. [12] doi: http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=10.1177/0170840609104803 REAY T, HININGS C R.Managing the rivalry of competing institutional logics[J].Organization studies, 2009(6):629-652. [13] doi: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/books.htm?chapterid=1781243 DIMAGGIO P J, POWELL W W.The iron cage revisited:institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields[J].American sociological review, 1983(2):147-160. [14] FREIDSON E.Professionalism:the third logic[M].Cambridge:Polity Press, 2001. [15] 约翰·罗尔斯.正义论[M].何怀宏, 何包钢, 廖申白, 译.北京: 中国社会科学出版社, 1988. [16] 托尔斯顿·胡森.平等——学校和社会政策的目标[G]//张人杰.国外教育社会学基本文选.上海: 华东师范大学出版社, 1989: 193-217. [17] YUE CHANGJUN.Expansion and equality in Chinese higher education[J].International journal of educational development, 2015(40):50-58. [18] 中华人民共和国教育部.中国教育概况——2019年全国教育事业发展情况[EB/OL].(2020-08-31)[2020-09-16].http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_sjzl/s5990/202008/t20200831_483697.html. [19] 王达梅.我国横向财政转移支付制度的政治逻辑与模式选择[J].当代财经, 2013(3):25-34. doi: http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=ddcj201303003 [20] 中华人民共和国中央人民政府.国务院办公厅关于转发教育部等部门教育部直属师范大学师范生公费教育实施办法的通知[EB/OL].(2018-08-10)[2019-01-10].http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2018-08/10/content_5313008.htm. [21] 方超, 罗英姿.教育人力资本及其溢出效应对中国经济增长的影响研究——基于Lucas模型的空间计量分析[J].教育与经济, 2016(4):21-29. doi: http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=669851200 [22] 杨卫安.乡村小学教师补充政策演变:70年回顾与展望[J].教育研究, 2019(7):16-25. [23] 徐冬青."公费制"推动师范生培养的政策升级[N].中国教育报, 2018-08-15(2). [24] 沈红宇, 蔡明山.公平价值的引领:从免费到公费的师范生教育[J].大学教育科学, 2019(2):66-71+124. [25] RICHARDSON P W, WATT H M G.Factors influencing teaching choice: why do future teachers choose the career?[G]//LOUGHRAN J, HAMILTON M L.International handbook of teacher education.Singapore: Springer, 2016: 275-304. [26] 顾明远.教师的职业特点与教师专业化[J].教师教育研究, 2004(6):3-6. doi: http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=gdsfjyyj200406001 [27] EVANS L.What is teacher development?[J].Oxford review of education, 2002(1):123-137. [28] HARDY C, MAGUIRE S.Institutional entrepreneurship and change in fields[G]//GREENWOOD R, OLIVER C, SAHLIN K, et al.The SAGE handbook of organizational institutionalism.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2008: 198-217. [29] 王智超, 杨颖秀.地方免费师范生:政策分析及现状调查[J].教育研究, 2018(5):76-82. [30] BOYD D, LANKFORD H, LOEB S, et al.The draw of home:how teachers' preferences for proximity disadvantage urban schools[J].Journal of policy analysis and management, 2005(1):113-132. [31] WHITE S, REID J.Placing teachers? sustaining rural schooling through place-consciousness in teacher education[J].Journal of research in rural education, 2008(7):1-11. [32] AZANO A P, STEWART T T.Exploring place and practicing justice:preparing pre-service teachers for success in rural schools[J].Journal of research in rural education, 2015(9):1-12. [33] BOYLAN M, WOOLSEY I.Teacher education for social justice:mapping identity spaces[J].Teaching and teacher education, 2015(46):62-71. [34] SACHS J.Skilling or emancipating? metaphors for continuing teacher professional development[G]//MOCKLER N, SACHS J.Rethinking educational practice through reflexive inquiry.Dordrecht: Springer, 2011: 153-167. [35] SCHON D A.The reflective practitioner:how professions think in action[M].New York:Basic Books, 1983. [36] 高慧斌.中小学教师远程培训效果实证研究[J].教育研究, 2018(4):98-110. doi: http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=jyyj201804012 [37] 奈尔·诺丁斯.教育哲学[M].许立新, 译.北京: 北京师范大学出版社, 2017.