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教学和科研是高校教师承担的两项主要职责。对于高校新任教师来说,他们研究生阶段的训练往往注重于学科的专业知识和科研能力的培养,欠缺对教学方法与技能的关注[1]。高校新任教师因教学方法和技能方面的不足,无法顺利胜任教学工作的现象比较普遍[2]。其原因在于:一方面,高校在教师入职后未能为其提供长期、持续、有效的教师专业发展机会,导致高校教师教学理念和技能的发展相对滞后,难以将专业的学科知识和科研经验通过教学手段转化为课堂内容;另一方面,巨大的科研和教学压力使得高校教师很难腾出专门的时间和精力促进自身专业发展,提高教学水平[3]。高校教师专业发展的困境成为阻碍高校教学质量提升的瓶颈之一。
在不过多占用教师时间的情况下,如何持续、有效地开展教师专业发展活动成为各个高校亟待解决的问题。本文认为,建立和明确标志性教学法(Signature Pedagogy),是促进高校新任教师专业发展的有效途径。标志性教学法是李·舒尔曼(Lee Shulman)于2005年提出的概念[4],这一概念注重通过知识结构来诠释高等教育及职业教育中的教学方法,在西方高等教育研究中已经积累了广泛的实证研究成果[5-6]。标志性教学法和学科教学知识(pedagogical content knowledge,简称PCK)是舒尔曼学术生涯中提出的两个重要概念,二者虽然理论上的偏重不同,但皆以“知识结构”为核心。本文首先梳理学科教学知识和标志性教学法的概念,分析二者的内涵及其关联,提出以注重标志性教学法为途径,促进高校教师的专业发展。通过对英属哥伦比亚大学土地与食品系统学院助教专业发展的案例分析,说明注重标志性教学法是促进高校新任教师专业发展的有效途径。
From Pedagogical Content Knowledge to Signature Pedagogies: An Effective Approach to Junior Faculty Development
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摘要: 学科教学知识(PCK)和标志性教学法是舒尔曼提出的两个核心概念。学科教学知识注重教师个人的专业发展,而标志性教学法则注重学科专业知识、技能和优秀教师经验的传承。高校新任教师在入职后通常直接进入课堂实施教学,缺乏专业发展和提升教学技能的机会。标志性教学法可以帮助高校新任教师深化对专业知识结构的认识,丰富教师的学科教学知识,弥补高校新任教师在教学技能和教学方法上的短板。在此理论框架下,以英属哥伦比亚大学土地与食品系统学院的助教专业发展项目为例,通过明确和“外化”可持续发展食品系统专业的标志性教学法,从设计、实施和评估等方面探寻促进助教专业发展的有效途径。研究结果表明,以标志性教学法的使用和反思为主要内容的专业发展项目,强调标志性教学法的核心理念,能够以教学实践为中心,赋能助教,在不过多占用课外时间的情况下增进助教对学生学习困难的了解,提高其教学技能,增强助教与任课教师间的合作意识,促进学科专业知识与标志性教学方法的结合,最终达到丰富和完善学科教学知识、提高教学技能、促进教师专业发展的目的。通过建立和加强学科教学知识与标志性教学法的联系,为高校新任教师专业发展提供了新的实践路径。Abstract: Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) and signature pedagogies are two important educational concepts developed by educational theorist Lee Shulman. PCK attends to individual teacher's professional development while signature pedagogies focus on the intellectual, technical, and moral legacies of a discipline. Encouraging junior faculty members to align curricula with domain specific signature pedagogies has the potential to enhance understanding of the deep structure in signature pedagogies and the structure of subject matter content knowledge, both of which are the premises and foundation of PCK. The enhancement of PCK, in turn, may lead to the improvement of faculty members' teaching practice. The case of professional development for teaching assistants at the University of British Columbia revealed that developing and clarifying signature pedagogies might be an effective approach to faculty members' professional development because it reveals subject matter content knowledge structure while integrating how best to impart a certain body of knowledge into teaching practice and develop future professionals.
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表 1 标志性教学法的结构
三个层面 内涵 举例 表面结构 具体的教学行为 法学中的模拟法庭 深层结构 从教学理论上讲,哪些教学方法能够较好地传授该专业的内容知识 模拟法庭中的公开辩论和对法律条款的诠释能够有效地传授给学生法理和律师的思辨方式 内隐结构 包括专业态度、价值取向和立场 模拟法庭公开辩论中出现法律与道德之间的抉择,教师的态度传递法律从业者应该具有的专业态度、立场和价值观 -
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