A Comparative Study of Propagating <i>Camellia sinensis</i> var. assamica with Long or Short Cuttings

YAO Qi-ping; ZHANG Zheng-yan; ZHENG Wen-zhong; LUO Chao-guang; CUI Ting-hong; JIANG Xun; ZHANG Jun; ZHAO Ming; WANG Xing-hua

doi:10.13718/j.cnki.xdzk.2021.08.007

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Cuttage propagation is a widely used method for asexual propagation of tea plant (Camellia sinensis). At present, long cuttings (hardwood cuttings with two or more eyes) and short cuttings (one-eye cuttings) are usually used in practice. In this study, five cultivars of C. sinensis var. assamica, including Aifeng, Yungui, Pucha #1, Pucha #2 and Zijuan, were used as materials, and the two types of cuttings were compared. The results showed that it took shorter time for the long cuttings of all the five cultivars to root than the short cuttings, and that their number of roots 2 cm or more long, maximum length of roots, number of leaves, plant height and stem diameter of the long cuttings were greater than those of the short cuttings. In addition, it took 150.4 d for the long cuttings to grow into nursery stock of National Class Ⅱ while 245.2 d was necessary for the short cuttings to do it, and the percentage of the stock suitable for transplanting was higher for the former than for the latter. In conclusion, long cuttings are more advantageous than short cuttings for fast stock propagation of tea plants.

Corresponding author: WANG Xing-hua

Received Date: 23/12/2019

Available Online: 20/08/2021

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Abstract: Cuttage propagation is a widely used method for asexual propagation of tea plant (Camellia sinensis). At present, long cuttings (hardwood cuttings with two or more eyes) and short cuttings (one-eye cuttings) are usually used in practice. In this study, five cultivars of C. sinensis var. assamica, including Aifeng, Yungui, Pucha #1, Pucha #2 and Zijuan, were used as materials, and the two types of cuttings were compared. The results showed that it took shorter time for the long cuttings of all the five cultivars to root than the short cuttings, and that their number of roots 2 cm or more long, maximum length of roots, number of leaves, plant height and stem diameter of the long cuttings were greater than those of the short cuttings. In addition, it took 150.4 d for the long cuttings to grow into nursery stock of National Class Ⅱ while 245.2 d was necessary for the short cuttings to do it, and the percentage of the stock suitable for transplanting was higher for the former than for the latter. In conclusion, long cuttings are more advantageous than short cuttings for fast stock propagation of tea plants.

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茶树Camellia sinensis var. assamica为山茶科(Theaceae)山茶属(Camellia)植物^[1-3]，可通过种子进行有性繁殖或扦插、嫁接、压条等方式进行无性繁殖. 茶树世代周期长，自交不亲和，杂合度很高，不适宜传统育种方法. 无性繁殖所得苗木能保留母本的优良性状、性状整齐、产量高、品质好、成活率高，是茶树常采用的繁殖方法^[4-7]. 茶树扦插繁殖在我国已有200多年历史，在云南南部茶区全年均可扦插，形成的无性系茶园性状稳定，整齐一致，便于机械化操作和提高茶叶产量及品质^[8].

目前，茶树的扦插繁育方式通常包括短穗扦插和长穗扦插. 短穗扦插是指用长3 cm左右、带腋芽和1~2片成熟叶的穗进行扦插，培育出新植株的方法，是目前常采用的茶树繁殖方式^{[9, 10]}；而长穗扦插是指用长20~25 cm的长穗枝进行扦插，培育出新植株的方法^[11-13]. 已有研究表明，短穗扦插育苗成本低，但周期较长、受环境条件影响较大，导致茶树新品种推广较慢^[14-19]. 关于茶树长穗扦插及长、短两种扦插繁殖方式效率如何，尤其是云南大叶种茶树适合采用哪种扦插繁殖方式还需全面探讨. 本研究采用云南大叶种茶树品种矮丰、云瑰、普茶1号、普茶2号、紫娟的枝条为材料，分别进行短穗扦插和长穗扦插，通过比较两种扦插方式的成活率、Ⅱ级苗木出圃率及生长势，明确最佳扦插繁殖方式，以期为优良云南大叶种茶树品种繁育方式的选择提供依据.

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 材料

云南大叶种茶树品种矮丰、云瑰、普茶1号、普茶2号、紫娟种植于普洱市茶叶科学研究所育苗基地. 选取成熟度适中、腋芽饱满(或少量萌发嫩梢)、叶色浓绿、无明显病虫害、茎粗大于等于0.4 cm的枝条作为扦插的母穗^[20]，从母穗上剪取20~25 cm作为长穗插穗，剪取3~3.5 cm为短穗插穗.

1.2. 方法

1.2.1. 试验设计

扦插试验于2017年11月2日至2018年8月31日在云南省普洱市思茅区普洱茶树良种场育苗基地进行. 扦插穗距均为4 cm，行距均为10 cm，每个品种扦插900株，3次重复，随机排列，扦插后按照苗圃育苗日常工作进行管理. 扦插16 d后每间隔1 d观测1次，记录生根时间(以形成愈伤组织根瘤为生根标准，记录后再扦插回苗圃，不影响以后的生长). 于扦插后第50 d，90 d，150 d，210 d，240 d取10株苗统计和测量发根数量(每株测定大于等于2 cm以上根的数量)、根条长度(每株测定1条最长根条的长度)、苗干茎粗、着叶数、苗高、插穗成活率、苗木出圃率和出圃时间.

1.2.2. 数据收集

根条长度和苗高采用直尺测量、苗干茎粗采用游标卡尺测量(距根茎10 cm处)、插穗成活率(R_成活)公式为

苗木出圃率(R_出圃)为

式中：R_成活为插穗成活率，N_总成活为出圃时总成活株数，N_总扦插为总扦插数，R_出圃为苗木出圃率，N_标准为苗木出圃标准苗总数.

1.3. 数据分析

采用Excel 2019软件统计所有数据，计算均值和标准误并制图；数据的方差分析(ANOVA)采用SPSS 22.0软件，利用Duncan's多重比较对数据的显著性进行分析，p＜0.05表示差异有统计学意义.

3. 讨论

扦插是指剪取植物的根、茎、叶后，将其插入土或沙或水中，使其在适当条件下生根并发育成新植株的一种繁育方式^[22]. 扦插根据插穗长度可分为长穗扦插和短穗扦插两种，其中，短穗扦插育苗成本低，但周期较长、受环境条件影响较大，导致茶树新品种推广较慢，而长穗扦插研究较少、繁殖系数低，在苗木缺乏时不宜采用. 目前扦插主要用于茶树、红檵木、红豆杉、沙地柏和花卉等植株的繁殖. 吴淑平等^[5]、李刚^[22]、李源华^[23]、姚元涛等^[24]、石伟平等^[25]对茶树短穗扦插繁殖进行了研究，结果表明短穗扦插所得苗木具有繁殖系数高、成活率和出圃率高、育苗周期短和能保持原品种的优良性状等优势. 陈佳等^[11]、左继林等^[26]对茶树长穗扦插繁殖进行了研究，结果表明长穗扦插育苗具有成活率高、苗木整齐和出圃率高等特点. 此外，郭春贵^[27]、吴雅琼等^[28]、李春野等^[29]、马小军等^[30]还分别对红檵木、喜树、沙地柏和东北红豆杉进行了长穗扦插研究，结果均表明长穗扦插所得苗木的出圃率和成活率都较高. 但以上研究都比较单一，并没有将长穗扦插与短穗扦插进行对比研究，本文主要就云南大叶种茶树长穗扦插与短穗扦插进行对比试验，旨在探讨出适合大叶种茶树扦插繁育的方式.

结果显示，长穗和短穗扦插的平均发根时间分别为32.4 d和35.2 d，长穗扦插的发根时间低于短穗扦插，这与云南省蚕桑科学研究所的研究结果不一致. 这可能与茶树和桑树插穗长度不同有关，相比茶树，桑树插穗的长度在20 cm左右，略低于茶树插穗长度. 同一插穗品种长穗扦插苗木第240 d时，距根颈10 cm处苗木茎粗、着叶数、苗高高于短穗扦插，这与左继林等^[26]的研究结果长穗扦插育苗所得苗木苗高均高于短穗扦插相一致. 第90 d时，长穗扦插发根超过2 cm的发根数量、最大根条长度分别为69条和14.9 cm，这与陆雄伟等^[31]的研究结果49.3条和6.1 cm不一致，这可能是由于生根时间不同和茶树品种差异所致. 长穗扦插苗木达到国家Ⅱ级苗木生长时间低于短穗扦插，出圃率和存活率高于短穗扦插，这与邱勇娟等^[19]的研究结果一致.

综上，矮丰、云瑰、普茶1号、普茶2号和紫娟等大叶种茶树进行扦插繁育时应选择长穗扦插的方式，通过此方式所得苗木具有发根时间早、发根数量多、出圃率和成活率高、达到国家Ⅱ级苗木的生长时间短等特点，这为短时间获得大叶种茶树苗木提供了参考，但长穗扦插是否也适用于中小叶种茶树扦插育苗还有待于进一步研究.

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A Comparative Study of Propagating Camellia sinensis var. assamica with Long or Short Cuttings

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A Comparative Study of Propagating Camellia sinensis var. assamica with Long or Short Cuttings

Corresponding author: WANG Xing-hua