Different Physicochemical Characteristics among Several Flue-Cured Tobacco Varieties and Their Relationship with Sensory Quality in Liangshan Tobacco Growing Area

WANG Peng; LI Yubao; LONG Fei; WU Yong; DENG Jiaqiang; LONG Jianlin; WU Yunjie; YE Xiefeng; ZHANG Mingjie; ZHANG Hongmeng

doi:10.13718/j.cnki.xdzk.2022.11.006

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To investigate the differences of physicochemical characteristics among different flue-cured tobacco varieties and their influences on sensory quality, 157 samples of Honghuadajinyuan and Yunyan 87 were collected in Liangshan tobacco area. The physical and chemical indexes of tobacco leaf length, leaf surface density, total nitrogen and nicotine were measured. At the same time, their relationship with appearance quality and sensory quality were analyzed. The results showed that: ① There were significant differences in leaf area density, total nitrogen and potassium contents between the two varieties. The contents of total nitrogen and potassium in Yunyan 87 tobacco leaves were higher, while the leaf density of Honghuadajinyuan was higher. ② The total score of appearance quality of middle and upper leaves of Yunyan 87 was significantly higher than that of Honghuadajinyuan, while the total score of sensory quality of lower, middle and upper leaves of Yunyan 87 was significantly lower than that of Honghuadajinyuan. ③ Five physical and chemical indexes, including leaf length, thickness, reducing sugar, potassium and chlorine, and four physical and chemical indexes, including total sugar, total nitrogen, potassium and leaf length, were used to predict the comprehensive appearance quality of tobacco leaf. Leaf length can explain 30.6% of the variation of comprehensive appearance quality of tobacco leaves and the total sugar content of tobacco leaves can explain 12.9% of the variation of comprehensive sensory quality, respectively. On the basis of further experimental verification, this model can be applied in the rapid prediction of tobacco quality.

Corresponding author: ZHANG Hongmeng

Received Date: 06/05/2021

Available Online: 20/11/2022

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Abstract: To investigate the differences of physicochemical characteristics among different flue-cured tobacco varieties and their influences on sensory quality, 157 samples of Honghuadajinyuan and Yunyan 87 were collected in Liangshan tobacco area. The physical and chemical indexes of tobacco leaf length, leaf surface density, total nitrogen and nicotine were measured. At the same time, their relationship with appearance quality and sensory quality were analyzed. The results showed that: ① There were significant differences in leaf area density, total nitrogen and potassium contents between the two varieties. The contents of total nitrogen and potassium in Yunyan 87 tobacco leaves were higher, while the leaf density of Honghuadajinyuan was higher. ② The total score of appearance quality of middle and upper leaves of Yunyan 87 was significantly higher than that of Honghuadajinyuan, while the total score of sensory quality of lower, middle and upper leaves of Yunyan 87 was significantly lower than that of Honghuadajinyuan. ③ Five physical and chemical indexes, including leaf length, thickness, reducing sugar, potassium and chlorine, and four physical and chemical indexes, including total sugar, total nitrogen, potassium and leaf length, were used to predict the comprehensive appearance quality of tobacco leaf. Leaf length can explain 30.6% of the variation of comprehensive appearance quality of tobacco leaves and the total sugar content of tobacco leaves can explain 12.9% of the variation of comprehensive sensory quality, respectively. On the basis of further experimental verification, this model can be applied in the rapid prediction of tobacco quality.

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烟草品种既是烟叶生产的物质基础，又是影响烟叶品质的重要因素，各项栽培措施及生态因素均要通过品种发挥作用^[1]. 有关烟草品种间生长发育、烘烤特性差异的研究较多，如烟叶的衰老特性^[2]、生长特性^[3]、叶片结构^[4]、根系分泌物^[5]、病害胁迫^[6-7]、烘烤过程中的生理生化反应等^[8]，而关于品种间烤后烟叶品质特征差异的研究主要集中在通过品种筛选进而指导品种推广应用^[9-10]. 这些试验的手段多是在相同生态条件和栽培措施下比较不同品种的生长发育状况、烤后烟叶外观品质、感官质量等，而不同品种对生态因素的适应性表现不一. 目前关于凉山烟区烤烟品种间理化特征差异及其与感官质量的关系的研究尚鲜见报道，基于此，本文对凉山烟区主栽烤烟品种红花大金元和云烟87烟叶主要物理特性、化学成分、外观和感官质量指标进行综合分析，并建立回归模型，旨在明确凉山主栽品种的质量特点，为当地快速预测烟叶质量提供理论依据.

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 供试样品

在凉山烟区5个主产县(会理、会东、德昌、冕宁、越西)，选择云烟87和红花大金元2个当地主栽烤烟品种，按国标《烤烟》(GB 2635-1992)挑选2020年度X2F，C3F，C2F和B2F样品，每个等级样品取样3 kg，共157份样品，具体情况见表 1.

1.2. 测定指标与方法

1.2.1. 物理特性和化学成分

样品置于温度(22±1) ℃和相对湿度(60±5)%的环境中，平衡水分48 h后，物理特性测定参照文献[11]的方法进行. 采用常规方法^[12]测定烟叶总氮、烟碱、总糖、还原糖、钾和氯的质量分数，并计算糖碱比、氮碱比、钾氯比和两糖比.

1.2.2. 外观质量和感官质量

由国家烟草质量监督检测中心对烟叶外观质量进行评价，量化赋分方法见表 2; 由湖北中烟工业有限责任公司技术中心感官专家进行烟叶感官质量评价，量化赋分方法见表 3. 由外观指标、感官指标分值分别直接加和派生出外观质量总分和感官质量总分.

1.3. 数据处理

采用Microsoft Excel 2014进行数据处理，SPSS 24.0进行数据分析.

2. 结果分析

2.1. 不同烤烟品种理化特征的差异

2.1.1. 不同烤烟品种物理特性的差异

由表 4可知，两个烤烟品种各部位烟叶含梗率偏高. 下部叶品种间物理特性指标中仅平衡含水率差异有统计学意义; 云烟87的中部叶厚度、含梗率、叶面密度显著低于红花大金元，拉力和平衡含水率显著高于红花大金元; 云烟87的上部叶叶长、叶宽显著高于红花大金元，厚度、叶面密度显著低于红花大金元.

2.1.2. 不同烤烟化学成分的差异

各品种烟叶主要化学成分指标见表 5. 从表 5可知，云烟87下、中和上部叶总氮和钾质量分数显著高于红花大金元; 中部叶氯质量分数显著高于红花大金元; 上部叶氮碱比、两糖比显著高于红花大金元，总糖质量分数显著低于红花大金元.

2.2. 不同烤烟品种外观质量和感官质量的差异

2.2.1. 外观质量

两品种烟叶外观质量量化评价结果见表 6. 从表 6看出，与云烟87相比，红花大金元外观质量指标的分值变异更大，其下部叶的部位、身份和色度指标分值的变异系数在20%以上. 品种间外观质量差异在上部叶表现最为明显，下部叶品种间仅部位和成熟度指标差异有统计学意义，中部叶成熟度、油分和色度指标差异有统计学意义，上部叶除颜色指标外，云烟87其他外观质量指标的分值均显著高于红花大金元.

2.2.2. 感官质量

两品种烟叶感官质量量化评价结果见表 7. 从表 7看出，中部叶品种间在香气质、刺激性和余味指标的分值上差异有统计学意义，上部叶在香气量指标的分值上差异有统计学意义，下部叶品种间各指标的分值除刺激性外，差异均具有统计学意义. 综合来看，红花大金元品种的感官质量相对较好，烟叶香气质好，香气量充足，刺激性较小，余味相对舒适.

2.3. 烟叶外观质量和感官质量与理化特征指标的关系

2.3.1. 烟叶外观质量与理化特征指标的关系

从表 8可知，叶长、叶宽与外观质量各指标分值呈显著正相关，厚度与外观质量各指标分值(除颜色外)呈显著负相关，平衡含水率与成熟度、油分、结构、身份和色度分值间呈显著正相关，叶面密度与成熟度、结构指标分值间呈极显著负相关. 化学成分方面，总糖、还原糖、糖碱比与油分、结构和身份分值间呈显著正相关，烟碱与油分、结构和身份分值间呈显著负相关，钾质量分数与部位、油分和身份分值间呈显著负相关.

为进一步揭示各理化指标对烟叶外观质量的贡献，以外观质量总分为因变量，理化指标为自变量进行了逐步回归分析(表 9)，得到线性回归方程：Y_外观总分=41.239+0.756X₁+0.244X₂ -4.515X₃-53.296X₄+4.225X₅(R²=0.437，p=0.000). 从方程中可以看出，与外观综合质量呈显著回归关系的指标有5项，其中X₁~X₅分别对应叶长、还原糖、钾、厚度和氯，决定了外观总分变异的43.7%. 由ΔR²可以看出，叶长对烟叶外观综合质量的独立解释能力最大，其次是还原糖、厚度、钾和氯.

2.3.2. 感官质量与理化特征指标的关系

从表 10可知，叶长、叶宽与感官质量各指标分值间呈显著正相关(叶宽与香气量分值关系除外)，单叶质量与香气质、香气量分值间呈显著正相关，杂气、刺激性分值与厚度呈显著负相关，与含梗率呈显著正相关. 化学成分方面，总糖、还原糖与除香气量外其他指标分值间呈显著正相关，钾与感官质量各指标分值间呈显著负相关，烟碱与杂气、刺激性和余味分值间呈显著负相关，糖碱比与杂气、刺激性和余味分值间呈显著正相关.

以感官质量总分为因变量，理化指标为自变量进行了逐步回归分析，结果见表 11，得到线性回归方程：Y_感官总分=81.831+0.050X₁+0.054X₂-0.607X₃-0.494X₄(R²=0.299，p=0.000). 从回归方程可以看出，与感官综合质量呈显著回归关系的指标以化学成分指标为主，包括总糖、总氮和钾，还包括物理特性指标中的叶长，决定了感官综合质量变异的29.9%，由ΔR²看出，总糖对烟叶感官综合质量的独立解释能力最大，其次是叶长、钾和总氮.

3. 结论与讨论

品种的表型是由基因型主导，不同烟草品种的风格具有明显差异，在生长发育、生理生化、形态和分子水平等方面也有所不同^[13-15]，并最终表现为烟叶质量的差异. 本研究结果表明，品种间物理特性中叶长、叶宽和叶面密度指标存在差异，但不同部位间变化不一致，在上部叶表现相对明显，这与李文娟等^[16]在昆明烟区的研究结果一致. 云烟87上部叶叶长、叶宽相对较大，红花大金元各部位烟叶叶面密度相对较高. 云烟87的下、中、上部叶总氮和钾质量分数显著高于红花大金元，上部叶总糖质量分数显著低于红花大金元，这与董华芳等^[17]的研究结果基本一致.

云烟87的中、上部叶外观质量相对较好，而红花大金元下部叶外观质量相对较好. 结合理化特征分析，云烟87的中、上部叶叶长、叶宽较大，叶面密度较小，红花大金元各部位烟叶叶面密度明显较高，这与相关分析中叶长、叶宽与外观质量各指标呈显著正相关和叶面密度与成熟度、结构指标分值间呈显著负相关的结果一致. 回归分析显示，叶长、还原糖、钾、厚度和氯与外观综合质量呈显著回归关系，以叶长指标的直接影响效应最大，能够独立解释外观综合质量变异的30.6%，说明品种间物理特性(尤其是叶长)的差异与外观质量的关系相对密切，这也与相关分析的结果一致. 从品种间感官质量的差异来看，红花大金元品种烟叶感官总分显著高于云烟87，红花大金元烟叶的总氮、钾质量分数显著低于云烟87，这与相关分析中总氮和钾质量分数与感官质量各指标分值呈负相关关系的结果相一致. 回归分析显示，总糖、总氮和钾等多项化学成分指标与感官综合质量呈显著回归关系，物理特性指标仅叶长与感官综合质量呈显著回归关系，且直接影响效应较低，说明品种间化学成分的差异与感官质量的关系相对密切，这与过伟民等^[18]的研究结果一致.

本研究对凉山烟区云烟87和红花大金元两个主栽品种烟叶进行了品质评价，建立了烟叶综合外观质量和感官质量的预测模型，筛选出的烟叶理化指标(特别是叶长和总糖)可为当地烟叶质量的快速鉴定提供理论依据.

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Different Physicochemical Characteristics among Several Flue-Cured Tobacco Varieties and Their Relationship with Sensory Quality in Liangshan Tobacco Growing Area

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