Biomechanical Study on Influence of Different Resistance Training Combined with Blood Flow Restriction Methods on Leg Muscle Volume

Shang-hua LI; Zhi-yun LIU

doi:10.13718/j.cnki.xsxb.2020.08.016

2020 Volume 45 Issue 8

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Shang-hua LI, Zhi-yun LIU. Biomechanical Study on Influence of Different Resistance Training Combined with Blood Flow Restriction Methods on Leg Muscle Volume[J]. Journal of Southwest China Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2020, 45(8): 111-119. doi: 10.13718/j.cnki.xsxb.2020.08.016

Citation:

Shang-hua LI, Zhi-yun LIU. Biomechanical Study on Influence of Different Resistance Training Combined with Blood Flow Restriction Methods on Leg Muscle Volume[J]. Journal of Southwest China Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2020, 45(8): 111-119. doi: 10.13718/j.cnki.xsxb.2020.08.016

Biomechanical Study on Influence of Different Resistance Training Combined with Blood Flow Restriction Methods on Leg Muscle Volume

Shang-hua LI^1,2,
Zhi-yun LIU^1,

1.
School of Physical Education and Educational Science, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjing 301617, China
2.
College of Physical Education, Xinxiang College, Xinxiang Henan 453003, China

More Information

Corresponding author: Zhi-yun LIU
Received Date: 07/01/2020
Available Online: 20/08/2020
MSC: G804.2

Abstract

To explore the influence of 8-week different pressure and resistance training on the leg muscle volume, isokinetic muscle strength and jumping performance of the subjects have been studied so as to provide references for how to use the pressure method scientifically in the field of sports training and health rehabilitation in the future. Twenty-four college students in football class were randomly divided into two groups: low pressure and high resistance group (0.7 SBP+70% 1 RM) and high pressure and low resistance group (1.7 SBP+40% 1 RM). They were trained for 8 weeks, 3 times / week, 5 groups / time and 12 times / group respectively, and their Mechanical and physiological indexes were tested before and after the training. Spss21.0 statistical analysis software was used to analyze the correlation Indicators are evaluated. Results show that: 1)After training, the muscle mass of both legs increased significantly in the low pressure and high resistance group, in which the weight of the legs increased from (8.43±2.11) kg measured in the front to (8.96±1.25) kg measured in the back, while the weight of the legs without pressure increased from (8.37±1.59) kg measured in the front to (8.71±2.06) kg measured in the back, while the weight of the legs in the high pressure and low resistance group did not improve significantly; 2)After 8 weeks of training, the leg push and pedal 1RM of the low pressure high resistance group and the high pressure low resistance group increased significantly. The pressure leg of the low pressure high resistance group increased from (256.09 ±45.25) kg measured from the front to (351.68±71.21) kg measured from the back, and that of the high pressure low resistance group increased from 263.23 kg measured from the front to (340.45±70.83) kg measured from the back, and the increase of the low pressure high resistance group was significantly higher than that of the high pressure low resistance group; 3)The peak values of isokinetic muscle force moment in 1.04 rad/s and 3.14 rad/s knee flexion plus compression leg and 3.14 rad/ s knee extension without compression leg in the low pressure and high resistance group were significantly better than those in the pretest group, while the knee extension and knee flexion in 1.04 rad/s and 3.14 rad/s in the high pressure and low resistance group were significantly better than those in the pretest group; 4)The vertical jump of the swing arm in place and the vertical jump of the step swing arm in the two groups were significantly better than the pretest, but the lifting effect of the high pressure and low resistance training group was better than that of the low pressure and high resistance group. It is concluded that low pressure and high resistance training method has significant benefits in improving leg muscle mass, and it is more beneficial in the performance of isokinetic muscle strength, while high pressure and low resistance training has significant improvement in the performance of muscle strength in the intervention leg and non intervention leg. Both groups of training methods can improve jumping performance, but the effect of high pressure and low resistance training is better. The change of test parameters seems to be more affected by resistance movement, while the effect of pressure is limited.
- training combined with blood flow restriction,
- resistance training,
- muscle volume,
- muscle strength,
- nerve cross migration

References

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适当进行抗阻力训练可预防骨质流失、提升功能性体能及增进运动表现^[1-2].但要提升肌力或肌肉肥大，则需要用6~12 RM最大重复次数的训练量，训练强度至少超65% 1 RM^[3-5]；而加压训练(充气式压力约100~300 mmHg，绑住运动肢段近端)只需采用较低负荷(20%~50% 1 RM)则可达到预期目标^[6-7].超65% 1 RM的阻力负荷属于中高强度，对于已有运动伤害的运动员、肌力减弱的老年人或长期卧床的病患而言显然是不适合的，但倘若阻力运动强度过低，则又无法对肌肉造成有效刺激.加压抗阻力训练最低仅需使用20% 1 RM的强度，就能明显改善肌肉适能^[8]，并于此强度下进行阻力训练，所需消耗的能量与日常生活中的身体活动量相当^[9]，故加压训练在运动训练及保健康复领域越来越受到重视.

加压训练作为一种替代性训练方式，其独特性是加压介入能达到维持肌横断面积及肌力的效果，其中“加压+低强度抗阻”训练能起到增大肌肉量的目的^[10-11].从早期研究文献中发现^[12-13]，当Ⅰ型肌纤维被招募而处于疲劳状态，Ⅱ型肌纤维被招募的时间就会提早，而当加压训练造成肢段缺血，相关代谢压力增加而造成疲劳的状态时，可以招募更多Ⅱ型肌纤维的运动单位，且当介入20% 1 RM的训练强度时，肌肉招募情形相当于日常生活10%~30%的最大运动量^[14]. Jahyun Kim等^[15]让受试者用拐杖行动30天，使单侧下肢悬挂(简称ULLS)于无负重状况，实验组采用“ULLS+加压运动”，每周3次，压力为1.3 SBP，强度为最大自主收缩力的20%，结果发现膝关节伸展运动后，实验组肌横断面积及肌力仅有稍微下降(分别下降1.2%及2.0%)，而控制组(ULLS)的膝伸肌力及跖屈肌则皆显著下降(分别对应下降7.4%及21%)，且实验组膝伸肌肌耐力增进31%，而控制组则下降24%. Bird等^[11]将优秀运动员随机分为“低强度+加压组”(简称LIO，50% 1 RM+200 mmHg)、“低强度组”(LI，50%1RM)及控制组(CON)，8周训练结果后发现LIO组的肌横断面积、肌力、及肌耐力皆呈显著提升；而关于手术后重建研究发现^[10]，接受前十字韧带术后，实验组进行大腿近端加压(平均压力238 mmHg)处理(2次/天、5组/次、5 min/组、组间休息3 min)，而控制组则没有加压处理，结果发现手术后14天实验组与控制组的肌肉横断面积显著降低，实验组与控制组的膝伸肌横断面积分别降低9.4%及20.7%，膝屈肌横断面积则分别降低9.2%及11.3%，且实验组的膝伸肌下降情形显著低于控制组，从而肯定了加压刺激能有效减少术后膝伸肌横断面积的萎缩. Danny Christiansen等^[16]让实验组在跑步机上进行3周“加压+走路”训练(6天/每周、2次/天、5组/次、2 min/组、组间休息1 min、行走速度50 m/min)，控制组仅进行同样强度的走路运动，结果发现实验组的大腿肌肉横断面积及肌肉量增加4%~7%，且1 RM及最大等长肌力增加8%~10%，而控制组则没有变化. Keishoku Sakuraba等^[17]将受试者分成低强度运动组(LI，20% 1 RM)与“低强度阻力+加压组”(LIO，20% 1 RM+200 mmHg)，经连续6天、2次/天的训练，结果发现训练后LIO组股四头肌横断面积及肌肉量分别显著增加3.5%及3.0%，LI组则没有变化.

上述有关加压介入抗阻训练的硏究，绝大多数研究属于短期性干预，而长期训练是否对提升肌力或肌肉肥大有效未见有关报道.基于此目的，本研究将探讨低压高阻及高压低阻训练对腿部肌肉量所造成的影响，并进一步分析低压高阻及高压低阻训练对腿部推蹬、原地跳跃能力的影响，据此揭示加压抗阻力训练对改善肌肉适能的强度特征，从而为运动训练及保健康复领域如何科学运用加压介入手段提供参考.

3. 分析与讨论

1) 加压介入抗阻力训练对腿部肌肉量的影响

Konsgaard等^[6]研究发现，2周中、高加压结合低强度阻力训练(160~240 mmHg+20% 1 RM)可以显著增加肌横断面积，表现为股四头肌、股二头肌及臀大肌肌肉量分别显著增加约7.7%、10.1%及9.1%，而且蹲举与腿部屈曲1 RM分别增加9%及2%；与之相对应的未介入加压的低强度阻力组，其股四头肌及股二头肌肌肉量只分别增加1.4%及1.9%，且肌横断面积及臀大肌皆没有变化.与此研究发现相类似，Bird等^[11]研究同样发现，与“纯抗阻力运动组”相比，“加压+抗阻力运动组”的肌横断面积显著增加.上述有关“加压+低阻力训练”的研究中，其训练时间皆在2周以内，肌肉量增加非常显著，这可能是由于每周所采用的训练频率较高，因此对腿部肌肉量的增加有显著效果.本研究采用低加压高阻力训练，其强度采纳ACSM(2009)关于增加肌肉肥大的强度推荐值，结果发现受试者腿部肌肉量呈显著改善；但高加压低阻力训练组腿部肌肉量没有显著增加，这可能是先前研究中多采用双腿皆介入加压，而本研究仅针对单腿进行加压，因而腿部肌肉量的增加情形受到限制，若本研究高加压低阻力训练中针对双腿同时加压，或许可以有效增加肌肉量，这需要未来进行深入探讨；此外，本研究还发现低加压高阻力组训练后肌肉量增加值显著优于高加压低阻力组，可见腿部肌肉量的增加很可能主要受高阻力运动强度的影响，而加压介入的影响作用则为次要的.

2) 加压介入抗阻力训练对腿部等速肌力的影响

本研究发现，低加压高阻力组的加压腿在角速度是1.04 rad/s及3.14 rad/s时，膝关节屈曲等速肌力皆有显著提升，且无加压介入腿在3.14 rad/s时，膝关节伸展肌力矩上亦有明显进步.说明平日进行低加压压力训练后，当进行膝关节等速肌力测试时，恰好是测试大腿推蹬，必须抵抗向下的阻力，故受过低加压压力训练过的大腿可能在膝屈曲上有较佳的表现；另外一种可能解释是，低加压高阻力训练中虽然阻力较高，但却仅有部分肌力呈显著增加，这可是因为8周的训练期，受试者有可能对这种高阻力(一般约70% 1 RM)强度产生了适应，且加压压力较低而无法有效达到交叉迁移的效果，因此肌力的提升表现受限.本研究中，高加压低阻力训练(1.7 SBP+40% 1 RM)后，在角速度是1.04 rad/s及3.14 rad/s时，伸膝与屈膝皆有显著的进步，这与先前的研究成果类似，这可能是高加压与神经交叉迁移有关联，故较高加压介入有益于增加肌力表现.据Marques等^[18]研究显示，当身体的单侧进行阻力运动时，未训练的一侧也会因为交叉迁移现象而有所改善；Colomer等^[19]指出，当单侧从事阻力训练使肌力增加35%时，未受训练的对侧肢段肌力也会增加7.8%.有文献[20-21]以上肢双侧手臂进行阻力运动，但仅对单侧进行加压，同样的无论是否进行加压，运动组双臂的二头肌屈肌与三头肌伸肌肌力、臂围及肌横断面积皆有显著进步，认为未加压手臂能达到显著的肌力增加，主要也是受到神经交叉迁移影响.本研究也是采用双侧阻力运动、单侧施予加压方式，尽管高加压低阻力组在训练后腿部肌肉量未有显著增加，但等速肌力的正面效果明显受高加压介入的影响，且本研究中低加压高阻力组在加压侧有较佳的肌力表现，故可认为加压训练对于肌力表现的增加具有较好的效果，而阻力训练的强度则可能对肌肉量的增加效果更佳.

3) 加压抗阻力训练对大腿推蹬1 RM的影响

关于加压抗阻训练对大腿推蹬1 RM的影响效应，Sumide等^[22]研究发现，以20% 1 RM结合不同加压压力(50 mmHg，150 mmHg及250 mmHg)可显著提升角速度是1.04 rad/s的膝伸肌肌力，而无加压组没有进步；在角速度是3.14 rad/s的肌耐力测试中，结合各种加压的组别中等速肌力矩皆有显著进步，且角速度是3.14 rad/s的总量介入在50 mmHg及150 mmHg的组别中有显著增加. Oesen等^[5]研究发现，加压阻力训练组(50% 1 RM+200 mmHg)在8周训练后，其等速肌力角速度是3.14 rad/s的肌耐力测试的表现有显著改善.本研究高加压设为1.7 SBP(平均压力约为201.4 mmHg)，训练方式与肌力测试方式与Wu等^[10]设计基本接近，结果发现高加压低阻力组及低加压高阻力组推蹬1 RM表现皆有显著进步，但低加压高阻力组的训练效果明显优于高加压低阻力组.

4) 加压介入抗阻力训练对垂直跳的影响

据Manimmanakorn等^[8]研究报道，膝伸展及屈曲训练中结合加压(20% 1 RM+230 mmHg)，被试5周后肌力、20 m折返跑、垂直跳的表现比单纯的伸展及屈曲训练(控制组)有明显进步；另有研究^[23-24]显示，进行3周训练(3次/周、5组/次、反复次数5次)，训练模式为“70% 1 RM抗阻+加压压力180 mmHg”，结果发现，训练后受试者胸推、深蹲、最快冲刺时间及原地摆臂垂直跳皆有显著进步.以上研究所呈现的跳跃表现结果皆与本研究基本类似，由于Cook等^[25]研究的干预时间仅3周，其训练强度为较高强度(70% 1 RM)因而效果显著，而本研究中的原地摆臂垂直跳及跨步摆臂垂直跳在低加压高阻力及高加压低阻力训练后皆有显著进步.高加压低阻力训练后的腿部肌肉量没有明显增加，这可能与本研究采用的阻力为大腿推蹲训练有关，该动作与跳跃动作相似，故跳跃能力有明显提升.

4. 结论

1) 8周低加压高阻力训练能显著提升腿部肌肉量，且加压腿及无加压腿皆进步显著，腿部肌肉量的增进受到较高强度阻力训练的影响.

2) 低加压高阻力与高加压低阻力训练皆能显著提升大腿推蹬1 RM表现，但低加压高阻训练的等速肌力在加压腿膝屈曲方面有较好的表现，而高加压低阻训练在膝伸展及屈曲的表现上，无论是否为加压腿皆有显著进步.

3) 低加压高阻力与高加压低阻力训练皆能显著提升跳跃表现，但高加压低阻力组的提升效果要优于低加压高阻力组.

4) 若以训练效果而言，高加压低阻力训练以较低的阻力即可有效增进运动表现，并且对阻力运动初学者、运动损伤的运动员及肌力较弱的老年人而言，是一项较安全的选择；若以训练对肌肉量的影响而言，低加压高阻训练更有效，故从事训练初期，可先采用高加压低阻力训练，肌肉得到适应后，再介入高加压低阻力训练以增加肌肉量.

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