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2021 Volume 46 Issue 2
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SHEN Deng-rong, HE Chao, ZHANG Rui, et al. Effects of six Hosts on the Development and Fecundity of Bradysia difformis Frey[J]. Journal of Southwest China Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2021, 46(2): 62-66. doi: 10.13718/j.cnki.xsxb.2021.02.011
Citation: SHEN Deng-rong, HE Chao, ZHANG Rui, et al. Effects of six Hosts on the Development and Fecundity of Bradysia difformis Frey[J]. Journal of Southwest China Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2021, 46(2): 62-66. doi: 10.13718/j.cnki.xsxb.2021.02.011
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Effects of six Hosts on the Development and Fecundity of Bradysia difformis Frey

  • College of Life Science and Technology, Honghe University/Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Characteristic Biological Resources in Southern Yunnan, Mengzi Yunnan 661199, China

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  • Corresponding author: HE Chao ; 
  • Received Date: 22/08/2019
    Available Online: 20/02/2021

  • MSC: S476.2

  • Bradysia difformis is a polytrophic pest, it damages to variety of hosts. In order to explore the influence of different host on the development and fecundity of B. difformis, the effects of six hosts on the developmental duration, larval survival, adult longevity and the amount of eggs were carried out under laboratory conditions (25±1) ℃, RH 70%±10%, and a photoperiod of 16 L∶8 D. The results showed that developmental duration of B. difformis was relatively short on Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes, which were 21.25 d and 21.68 d, respectively, They were significantly shorter than the other four hosts (F=16.85, p < 0.05). Larval survival and the total survival rate were highest on L. edodes, which were 70.86% and 37.83%, respectively, body weight of 4th instar larvae were relatively heavy on P. ostreatus and L. edodes, which were 2.53 mg and 2.48 mg, respectively. Adult longevity and spawning period were longer on P. ostreatus and L. edodes, and the number of eggs laid per female were higher on P. ostreatus and L. edodes, which were 106.43 and 98.14 respectively. These results indicated that this pest had a good adaptability on P. ostreatus and L. edodes, and two hosts were beneficial to development and population reproduction of B. difformis.
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Effects of six Hosts on the Development and Fecundity of Bradysia difformis Frey

    Corresponding author: HE Chao ; 
  • Received Date: 22/08/2019
  • Available Online: 20/02/2021

Abstract: Bradysia difformis is a polytrophic pest, it damages to variety of hosts. In order to explore the influence of different host on the development and fecundity of B. difformis, the effects of six hosts on the developmental duration, larval survival, adult longevity and the amount of eggs were carried out under laboratory conditions (25±1) ℃, RH 70%±10%, and a photoperiod of 16 L∶8 D. The results showed that developmental duration of B. difformis was relatively short on Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes, which were 21.25 d and 21.68 d, respectively, They were significantly shorter than the other four hosts (F=16.85, p < 0.05). Larval survival and the total survival rate were highest on L. edodes, which were 70.86% and 37.83%, respectively, body weight of 4th instar larvae were relatively heavy on P. ostreatus and L. edodes, which were 2.53 mg and 2.48 mg, respectively. Adult longevity and spawning period were longer on P. ostreatus and L. edodes, and the number of eggs laid per female were higher on P. ostreatus and L. edodes, which were 106.43 and 98.14 respectively. These results indicated that this pest had a good adaptability on P. ostreatus and L. edodes, and two hosts were beneficial to development and population reproduction of B. difformis.

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  • 异迟眼蕈蚊(Bradysia difformis Frey)是世界性的农林害虫之一，主要危害食用菌、药用菌、温室苗圃和观赏植物等[1-2]. 2009年我国首次报道了该虫在云南食用菌上的危害，该虫具有世代周期短、繁殖力强等特点，以幼虫取食菌丝体造成食用菌产量急剧下降[3]. 此外该虫在我国北方地区严重危害韭菜、大葱、百合、蒜等作物的根部，造成极其严重的经济损失[4]. 除直接危害植物外，该虫还可传播松树脂溃疡病菌(Fusarium circinatum)，引发松树籽苗发生脂溃疡病[5].

    研究植食性昆虫与寄主植物的相互关系是系统了解害虫种群动态、制定综合治理措施的基础工作[6]. 有关寄主植物对眼蕈蚊类害虫生长发育和繁殖的影响已有一些研究报道，如苟玉萍等[4]、张艳霞等[7]研究表明异迟眼蕈蚊在韭菜上的适应度和嗜食性最好，繁殖速度最快. 杨玉婷等[8]研究表明韭菜迟眼蕈蚊(B.odoriphaga)取食韭菜后成虫寿命最长，产卵量最多，利于其繁殖发育. 周仙红等[9]研究发现韭菜迟眼蕈蚊对韭菜的产卵和取食选择性最高，对茴香和朝天椒的选择性最低.

    异迟眼蕈蚊是一种多食性害虫，可广泛危害豆科、葫芦科、十字花科、百合科等15科的多种农作物和观赏植物，并危害多种人工食用菌种类(平菇、香菇、茶树菇、双孢菇等)[1, 3]. 曲绍轩等[10]研究表明厉眼蕈蚊(Lycoriella ingenua)取食金针菇和糙皮侧耳后生长发育快，不同食用菌寄主对其生长发育存在显著差异. 目前关于食用菌对异迟眼蕈蚊生长发育和繁殖的研究报道较少，本试验采用6种寄主(韭菜、马铃薯、山药、平菇、香菇和金针菇)对其生长发育和繁殖力进行研究，旨在探讨不同类型的寄主对异迟眼蕈蚊的生长发育和繁殖力的影响，以期为该虫的预测预报和综合治理提供理论依据.

1.   材料与方法

    1.1.   供试材料

  • 寄主：选用的6种寄主分别是韭菜Allium tuberosum(791)、马铃薯Solanum tuberosum(云薯2号)、山药Dioscorea opposita(细毛长山药)、平菇Pleurotus ostreatus(CCEF89)、香菇Lentinus edodes(937)和金针菇Flammulina velutipes(F21).

    供试昆虫：异迟眼蕈蚊采自云南省蒙自市平菇菇房内，采用饲养笼(60 cm×60 cm×60 cm)和饲养盒(22 cm×15 cm×16 cm)进行室内连续饲养10代. 分别用6种寄主的相应部位(平菇、香菇、金针菇的菌柄；韭菜鳞茎；马铃薯、山药的块茎)在饲养盒中进行异迟眼蕈蚊的饲养，饲养2代后备用. 试虫饲养和试验处理条件：温度为(25±1)℃，相对湿度(RH)为70%±10%，光照为16 L∶8 D.

    • 1.2.   寄主对异迟眼蕈蚊生长发育及繁殖试验

  • 采用水琼脂培养基法进行卵粒收集，在塑料盒(直径12 cm，高9 cm)中倒入10 mL的2%水琼脂培养基. 接入20对成虫后用纱布(200目)封口，放入培养箱中进行黑暗处理24 h后移出成虫，用解剖镜统计产卵数量. 称取寄主20 g剪碎后平铺于饲养瓶(直径5 cm，高6 cm)底部，将带有卵粒的培养基放在对应的寄主中，每瓶接入100粒卵，每处理4次重复. 试验期间可用6种寄主分别饲养的群体作为各虫态的虫源补充. 于每天8：00和20：00各观察1次，分别统计卵孵化率、幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率以及各虫态发育历期. 幼虫体质量测定从每个处理中选取大小一致的4龄幼虫100头进行称量，每处理4次重复，计算幼虫的平均质量. 将6种寄主上羽化的未经交配的成虫按雌雄比1∶1配对，每种寄主测定20对成虫的产卵量，采用水琼脂培养基法进行卵粒收集，统计雌虫产卵情况，直至成虫全部死亡，记录雌虫产卵前期、产卵期、产卵量和雌雄成虫寿命.

    • 1.3.   数据处理

  • 采用SPSS 19.0进行数据分析处理，采用Duncan’s新复极差法进行多重比较分析.

2.   结果与分析

    2.1.   不同寄主对异迟眼蕈蚊发育历期和幼虫体质量的影响

  • 从表 1可知，不同寄主对异迟眼蕈蚊的卵期影响差异无统计学意义；对幼虫期发育历期影响有统计学意义(F=34.45，p < 0.01)，取食马铃薯的幼虫期最长(15.21 d)，取食平菇的幼虫期最短(13.17 d). 不同寄主对蛹期影响有统计学意义(F=16.32，p < 0.05)，其中取食马铃薯的蛹期最长(4.24 d)，取食平菇的蛹期最短(3.32 d). 不同寄主对4龄幼虫体质量影响差异有统计学意义(F=22.45，p < 0.05)，取食平菇的幼虫体质量最大(2.53 mg)，其次为香菇(2.48 mg). 异迟眼蕈蚊取食平菇和香菇后全世代的发育历期显著短于其他4种寄主(F=16.85，p < 0.05)，说明2种食用菌寄主能加速异迟眼蕈蚊的生长发育.

    • 2.2.   不同寄主对异迟眼蕈蚊存活率的影响

  • 从表 2可看出，不同寄主对异迟眼蕈蚊各发育阶段的存活率(卵孵化率、幼虫存活率、化蛹率和羽化率)的影响差异有统计学意义(p < 0.05). 在平菇、香菇、金针菇和韭菜上卵孵化率显著高于马铃薯和山药(p < 0.05). 幼虫取食香菇后存活率最高，为70.86%，显著高于其他5种寄主(F=13.03，p < 0.01)；幼虫取食山药后的化蛹率和羽化率最高，分别为82.92%和86.67%. 异迟眼蕈蚊在香菇上的总成活率最高，为37.83%，在金针菇和马铃薯上的总成活率显著低于其他4种寄主(p < 0.05).

    • 2.3.   不同寄主对异迟眼蕈蚊成虫寿命的影响

  • 从表 3可看出，异迟眼蕈蚊雌、雄成虫寿命在不同寄主间差异有统计学意义(雌成虫寿命：F=9.22，p < 0.05；雄成虫寿命：F=12.18，p < 0.05)，在平菇和香菇上的雌、雄成虫寿命较长，平均寿命分别为3.60 d和3.56 d，在马铃薯上的雌、雄成虫寿命最短，平均寿命仅为2.13 d. 说明平菇和香菇能显著延长雌、雄成虫的寿命.

    • 2.4.   不同寄主对异迟眼蕈蚊繁殖力的影响

  • 从表 4可看出，不同寄主对异迟眼蕈蚊的产卵前期影响差异有统计学意义(F=4.76，p < 0.05)，产卵前期以香菇最长(0.80 d)，马铃薯最短(0.51 d). 不同寄主对异迟眼蕈蚊的产卵期影响差异有统计学意义(F=8.63，p < 0.05)，以平菇和香菇的相对较长，马铃薯最短. 单雌平均产卵量在平菇上最多，为106.43粒，其次为香菇、韭菜和山药，在马铃薯上最少，仅为42.63粒. 从图 1看出，异迟眼蕈蚊的产卵高峰期出现在雌虫羽化后24~40 h之间，其中在马铃薯、山药和金针菇上的产卵高峰期早于平菇和香菇. 在产卵高峰期中，雌虫在平菇上的产卵量最高，在8 h内(32~40 h)产卵量为35.54粒；在马铃薯上的产卵量最低，在8 h内(16~24 h)产卵量仅为19.11粒.

3.   结论与讨论

  • 研究发现不同寄主植物能对害虫的生长发育、繁殖及其生活史造成显著影响，昆虫对不同植物的偏好性与植物的营养成分呈正相关[11-12]，而昆虫的发育速率、存活率等因素直接决定昆虫种群的丰富度[13-14]. 本试验研究结果表明异迟眼蕈蚊在6种寄主间的生长发育存在统计学意义，其中异迟眼蕈蚊在平菇、香菇上的发育历期显著短于其余4种寄主(韭菜、山药、金针菇和马铃薯). 苟玉萍等[4]研究发现异迟眼蕈蚊取食韭菜后的发育历期显著短于其他3种植物(大葱、百合和蒜). 张艳霞等[7]研究发现异迟眼蕈蚊取食蚕豆后的发育历期短于其他4种植物(韭菜、生菜、白菜和甘蓝). 曲绍轩等[10]研究发现厉眼蕈蚊取食金针菇和平菇后生长发育短于其他3种食用菌(柱状田头菇、双孢蘑菇和毛木耳). 这说明部分食用菌(平菇、香菇等)能加速异迟眼蕈蚊的生长发育，在进行该类害虫预测预报时需要考虑不同寄主本身对其生长发育的影响.

    本研究表明不同寄主对异迟眼蕈蚊各发育阶段的存活率(幼虫存活率、化蛹率和羽化率)有显著影响，其中寄主对低龄幼虫(1龄和2龄)存活率的影响最为显著，这与苟玉萍等[4]、张艳霞等[7]的研究结果基本一致. 推测是由于低龄幼虫对环境湿度较为敏感，如饲养过程中相对湿度大于75%易引起低龄幼虫溺死；此外低龄幼虫取食能力较弱，尚未完全腐烂的寄主不利于其取食. 研究还发现不同寄主对异迟眼蕈蚊存活率的影响可能与寄主表面的湿度有关，寄主表面湿度过高(金针菇、平菇)或过低(马铃薯、山药)均对幼虫存活率有不利的影响；而在化蛹率和羽化率中，寄主表面湿度低(马铃薯、山药)对其存活有利.

    研究发现有利于昆虫生长发育的幼虫食物对成虫的繁殖(产卵)也有利[15]. 本研究结果表明异迟眼蕈蚊取食平菇和香菇后，生长发育速率加快，幼虫体质量增加，成虫寿命、产卵期延长，以及单雌平均产卵量增加，充分说明了平菇和香菇对其个体发育和种群繁殖更为有利. 寄主对成虫寿命的试验结果表明多数寄主上雌虫寿命短于雄虫，这与张艳霞等[7]的研究结果一致，但与苟玉萍等[4]、杨玉婷等[8]的研究结果不同，推测是与该虫的成虫寿命较短、寄主种类、雌雄虫交配成功率和交配时间有关. 由于本试验仅研究了寄主本身对异迟眼蕈蚊的生长发育和繁殖的影响，而该虫是一类腐食性的害虫，除取食腐烂的寄主外还可取食利用土壤、食用菌栽培料的营养物质[16]，因此要搞清寄主、食物对该虫生物学习性的影响，还需要结合寄主、土壤、食用菌栽培料成分等因素进行综合分析研究，才能对该类害虫的种群发展和预测预报提供可靠的理论依据.

Figure (1)  Table (4) Reference (16)

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