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教师培育是一个职前培养、入职教育和职后培训一体化的过程。从教师专业发展的视角来看,教师的专业能力主要形成于职后。上海师范大学的一项调研结果显示,中学优秀教师的7种主要教学能力中,形成于职后的比例达到65.31%[1]。所谓教师职后培育机制,是指为提升教师职后培育的成效而在教师职后培育过程中所实施的相应制度、措施与手段[2]。从当前主流观点来看,教师培育机制主要包括激励机制、制约机制、保障机制等。
从20世纪30年代开始,美国就开始着手探讨适合本国国情的中小学教师职后培育机制,可以说在这方面已经积累了非常丰富的经验。当前,随着我国教育事业的蓬勃发展,教师社会地位日益提高,教师专业发展问题也日益受到重视。从“教师专业化”“教师专业发展”“教师专业性”等话语体系出发去理解教师职业、考察教师工作已成为具有全局性的理论范式[3],而教师专业发展水平的提升直接受制于各种相应的机制。
美国的“城市教师驻校计划”与我国的“国培计划”都是针对教师职后培育所实施的改革项目,二者在短期内都有效提升了教师的专业素养,产生了较好的社会效果,但也暴露出了一些问题。借鉴美国在教师职后培育中的既有经验,将有利于我国更好地解决教师职后教育中存在的一些实际问题,进一步完善我国教师职后培育机制,帮助教师更好更快地成长。
Comparison of post-employment training mechanisms between teachersinChinaand America——The Case of"National Training Plan"and"Urban Teacher Residency Model"
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摘要: 我国教师职后培育目前广泛实施的“国培计划”与美国“城市教师驻校计划”既有相同之处,也存在明显区别。相同之处在于:两国都为计划顺利和有效施行提供了良好的资金保障和制度保障,并建立了行之有效的激励机制。但两国国情不同,使二者在机制运行方式、参训教师选拔方式、培训内容选择、教师职后培育监督主体和评价主体等方面也存在差异。借鉴美国实施“城市教师驻校计划”的成功经验,未来我国教师职后培育可着力于完善“G-U-S”协同培育机制、健全教师职后培育激励机制、创新教师职后培育监督机制、改进教师职后培育评价机制,以进一步提升我国教师职后培育实效,帮助教师实现更好更快的发展。Abstract: This paper introduces the "National Training Program" in China and the "Urban Teacher Resident Program" in the United States, and both of them are widely used in the post-teacher cultivation. By comparing the two, the similarities are found. Both countries provide capital and system guarantee for the smooth and effective implementation of the plan, and establish incentive mechanism for participating teachers. However, the differences in national conditions lead to a distinct distinction between the two modes of operation in the mechanism, the selection methods and training content of the participating teachers, the supervisory body and the evaluation subject of the teacher's post-employment training. Drawing on the experience of the United States, China should improve the "G-U-S" collaborative cultivation mechanism, improve the incentive mechanism for teachers to cultivate after-service, reform the supervision mechanism for teachers' post-employment training, and improve the evaluation mechanism for teachers' post-employment evaluation, so as to further promote the implementation of teachers' post-employment training and help teachers receive a better and faster development.
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