-
教师教育者(teacher educator)对促进师范生和一线教师的专业学习和专业发展具有重要作用[1]。教师教育者的专业素质决定了教师队伍的质量和水平,也因此影响中小学校和幼儿园教育的有效性[2]。近年来,各国政府和组织机构对教师教育者的关注度呈上升趋势。美国教育研究协会(American Educational Research Association)“教学和教师教育”(Teaching & Teacher Education)分会所关注的主要对象之一便是教师教育者。该分会近年来的核心研究议题包括“教师和教师教育者的生活:日常经验、身份、社会化和发展”“教师教育者的学习和实践”等内容[3]。欧盟也意识到教师教育者对提升教育质量的重要性,认为教师教育者是培养高质量教师的关键因素,提出成员国要明确告知教师教育者应该知道什么、能够做什么,并且采取激励措施和支持性政策来促进教师教育者的专业发展[4]。我国颁布的《中共中央国务院关于全面深化新时代教师队伍建设改革的意见》中明确指出,要“强化教师教育师资队伍建设,在专业发展、职称晋升和岗位聘用等方面予以倾斜支持”[5]。与此同时,有关教师教育者专业身份建构问题日益成为各国学者的讨论热点。有学者认为,专业身份建构处于教师教育者“成为(becoming)教师教育者”过程的中心地位,对教师教育者的实践有重要影响[6]。然而,目前学界对教师教育者专业身份建构的研究仍不充分[7]。
从世界范围来看,根据成长路径的不同,高等教育机构中的教师教育者主要分为两类:一类曾是优秀的课堂教师,具有丰富的实践性知识和卓越的教学技能,在获得研究生学历后进入高等教育机构中开展教师培养和研究工作;另一类缺少基础教育工作的直接经验,在高学历毕业后直接进入高校承担教师教育课程,开展教师教育研究工作[8]。目前,我国有相当数量的教师教育者属于后者,他们往往缺乏甚至没有在中小学校和幼儿园工作的经历或学科背景,虽理论水平较高,但一线教学经验缺乏。他们除了从事教师教育的学术研究外,还要承担中小学校和幼儿园教师职前、入职和职后的培养和培训工作,本文将其称之为“学术型教师教育者”。有研究者通过自我研究的方式注意到,与其他教师教育者相比,学术型教师教育者在专业身份建构的过程中面临着难以建立专业自信与专业合法性的困境,无法找到集体归属感,职业生涯充满了压力和困难,专业身份建构的过程曲折而漫长[8]。另有实证研究结果显示,学术型教师教育者拥有的理论知识无法直接应用于教学实践,研究和实践相脱节的矛盾使他们的教师教育工作陷入困境[9]。还有研究者采用质性研究的方法发现,由于缺乏学校实践经验,学术型教师教育者在专业身份建构的过程中面临身份矛盾和身份缺失等潜在问题,这可能会影响他们的专业决策和行动[10]。我国对教师教育者群体的研究尚处于起步阶段,很少有研究明确指出缺乏中小学校和幼儿园教学经验或者学科背景的学术型教师教育者,如何在学术性和实践性兼具的教师教育工作中建构其专业身份。
基于此,本研究的核心问题有两个,分别是:学术型教师教育者在专业身份建构的过程中可能面临哪些挑战;学术型教师教育者应当如何利用自身优势建构专业身份认同,以便更好地参与教师培养与培训工作。
The Identity of Academic Teacher Educators to Construct
-
摘要: 学术型教师教育者是指在取得最高学历后直接进入高等院校从事教师培养以及开展教师教育研究工作的教师, 他们往往缺乏学科背景或基础教育工作的直接经验, 却要承担起具有很强学科性与实践性的教师教育工作。我国学术型教师教育者在专业身份建构中面临着专业合法性危机、迟缓而漫长的建构过程、缺乏建构的外部动力等挑战。结合国内外已有的相关研究, 提出我国学术型教师教育者建构专业身份的三条路径: 一是走进、理解并积极影响中小学校和幼儿园实践; 二是践行基于实践与反思的进阶式终身学习; 三是建立专业共同体, 创造向他人学习和与他人共同学习的机会。Abstract: Academic teacher educators refer to the ones who go on to prepare teachers and do researches on teacher education right after they graduate from their highest-degree education. They usually lack the preparation in subject areas or K-12 teaching experiences, but their work is highly subject-specific and practice-oriented. Chinese academic teacher educators face a variety of challenges in constructing professional identity, including facing the crisis of justifying their professional legitimacy of being a teacher educator, experiencing a slow and long process of identity construction, and receiving limited external force/support to construct a professional identity of teacher educator. Based on our synthesis of the existent studies in China and other countries, we suggest three strategies that would be helpful to Chinese academic teacher educators' construction of their professional identity. These include: 1) engaging with, understanding and positively influencing the practice of K-12 school teachers; 2) enacting reflective, progressive, and lifelong learning in practice; 3) learning from and with others in professional communities.
-
[1] WHITE E. Being a teacher and a teacher educator: developing a new identity?[J]. Professional Development in Education, 2014, 40(3): 436-449. doi: 10.1080/19415257.2013.782062 [2] LUNENBERG M, DENGERINK J, KORTHAGEN F. The professional teacher educator: roles, behaviour, and professional development of teacher educators[M]. Rotterdam: Springer Science & Business Media, 2014. [3] AERA. Who we are[EB/OL]. [2019-09-12]. http://www.aera.net/Division-K/Who-We-Are. [4] EUROPEAN C. Supporting teacher educators for better learning outcomes[M]. Brussel: European Commission, 2013: 4. [5] 中共中央国务院关于全面深化新时代教师队伍建设改革的意见[EB/OL]. (2018-01-20)[2021-05-20]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2018-01/31/content_5262659.htm. [6] LZADINIA M. Teacher educators' identity: a review of literature[J]. European Journal of Teacher Education, 2014, 37(4): 426-441. doi: 10.1080/02619768.2014.947025 [7] WHITE S. Teacher educators for new times? redefining an important occupational group[J]. Journal of Education for Teaching, 2019, 45(2): 200-213. doi: 10.1080/02607476.2018.1548174 [8] NEWBERRY M. Teacher educator identity development of the nontraditional teacher educator[J]. Studying Teacher Education, 2014, 10(2): 163-178. doi: 10.1080/17425964.2014.903834 [9] YUAN R, LEE I. Understanding language teacher educators' professional experiences: an exploratory study in Hong Kong[J]. Asia Pacific Education Researcher, 2014, 23(1): 143-149. doi: 10.1007/s40299-013-0117-6 [10] doi: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S088303551931746X YUAN R. Novice nontraditional teacher educators' identity (re) construction in higher education: a Hong Kong perspective[J]. International Journal of Educational Research, 2020, 99: 309-323. [11] BEIJAARD D, MEIJER P C, VERLOOP N. Reconsidering research on teachers' professional identity[J]. Teaching and Teacher Education, 2004, 20(2): 107-128. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2003.07.001 [12] SWENNEN A, JONES K, VOLMAN M. Teacher educators: their identities, sub-identities and implications for professional development[J]. Professional Development in Education, 2010, 36(1-2): 131-148. doi: 10.1080/19415250903457893 [13] 唐智松, 李婷婷, 唐艺祯. 教师教育者基础教育素养: 问题及对策[J]. 教师教育学报, 2018(5): 8-14. doi: http://xbgjxt.swu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.13718/j.cnki.jsjy.2018.05.002 [14] 叶菊艳. 教师身份构建的历史社会学考察[M]. 北京: 北京师范大学出版社, 2017: 226. [15] LOUGHRAN J, BERRY A. Modelling by teacher educators[J]. Teaching and Teacher Education, 2005, 21(2): 193-203. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2004.12.005 [16] doi: http://www.onacademic.com/detail/journal_1000036346441610_a93e.html LUNENBERG M, HAMILTON M L. Threading a golden chain: an attempt to find our identities as teacher educators[J]. Teacher Education Quarterly, 2008, 35(1): 185-205. [17] 刘小强, 蒋喜锋. 我国教师教育专业化改革二十年反思与展望[J]. 高等教育研究, 2016(9): 45-53. doi: https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HIGH201609008.htm [18] 李学农. 论教师教育者的专业发展[J]. 教育发展研究, 2012(12): 53-57. doi: https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SHGJ201212013.htm [19] SWENNEN A, VOLMAN M, ESSEN M. The development of the professional identity of two teacher educators in the context of dutch teacher education[J]. European Journal of Teacher Education, 2008, 31(2): 169-184. doi: 10.1080/02619760802000180 [20] 刘径言. 高校教师教育者的专业成长: 特征、困境与路径[J]. 教师教育研究, 2015(3): 13-18. doi: https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GDSZ201503003.htm [21] 朱旭东, 裴淼. 教师学习模式研究: 中国的经验[M]. 北京: 北京师范大学出版社, 2017: 327-328. [22] DINKELMAN T. Forming a teacher educator identity: uncertain standards, practice and relationships[J]. Journal of Education for Teaching, 2011, 37(3): 309-323. doi: 10.1080/02607476.2011.588020 [23] doi: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0742051X04001295 MURRAY J, MALE T. Becoming a teacher educator: evidence from the field[J]. Teaching & Teacher Education, 2005, 21(2): 125-142. [24] HARGREAVES A. Four ages of professionalism and professional learning[J]. Teachers & Teaching, 2000, 6(2): 151-182. [25] LOUGHRAN J. Professionally developing as a teacher educator[J]. Journal of Teacher Education, 2014, 65(4): 271-283. doi: 10.1177/0022487114533386 [26] KLECKA C L, DONOVAN L, VENDITT K J, et al. Who is a teacher educator? enactment of teacher educator identity through electronic portfolio development[J]. Action in Teacher Education, 2008, 29(4): 83-91. doi: 10.1080/01626620.2008.10463471 [27] GEE J P. Chapter 3: identity as an analytic lens for research in education[J]. Review of Research in Education, 2000, 25(1): 99-125. doi: 10.3102/0091732X025001099 [28] 赵明仁. 师范大学中学科教师教育者的身份认同[J]. 高等教育研究, 2014(8): 61-67. doi: https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HIGH201408011.htm [29] 朱旭东. 如何理解教师教育大学化?[J]. 比较教育研究, 2004(1): 1-7. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-7667.2004.01.001 [30] MURRAY J, MALE T. Becoming a teacher educator: evidence from the field[J]. Teaching and Teacher Education, 2005, 21(2): 125-142. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2004.12.006 [31] MURRAY J. Re-addressing the priorities: new teacher educators and induction into higher education[J]. European Journal of Teacher Education, 2005, 28(1): 67-85. doi: 10.1080/02619760500040108 [32] doi: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13540600802571411 KOSTER B, DENGERINK J, KORTHAGEN F, et al. Teacher educators working on their own professional development: goals, activities and outcomes of a project for the professional development of teacher educators[J]. Teachers and Teaching, 2008, 14(5-6): 568. [33] Association of Teacher Educators. MISSION[EB/OL]. [2019-09-06]. https://ate1.org/mission. [34] Association of Teacher Educators. HOME[EB/OL]. [2019-09-06]. https://www.ate1.org. [35] 中国教育学会. 教师培训者联盟[EB/OL]. [2019-09-06]. http://www.cse.edu.cn/index/detail.html?category=12&id=64. [36] 陈向明. 实践性知识: 教师专业发展的知识基础[J]. 北京大学教育评论, 2003(1): 104-112. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-9468.2003.01.020 [37] 郑一, 董玉琦. 改革情境中大学教师教育者专业认同的特征与形塑[J]. 上海师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2018(4): 124-131. doi: https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SSFS201804016.htm [38] 谢淑海, 熊梅. 职前教师专业身份认同的理论发展与研究展望[J]. 教师教育学报, 2014(6): 10-17. doi: http://xbgjxt.swu.edu.cn/article/doi/10.13718.j.cnki.jsjy.2014.06.002 [39] 曹慧英, 许红敏. 高校教师教育者实践素养的缺失与改进策略——基于小学教育专业实习指导教师的调查[J]. 教师教育研究, 2017(5): 69-74. doi: https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GDSZ201705013.htm [40] 河南省教育厅. 关于河南省高等学校教育类课程试行"双导师制"的意见[EB/OL]. (2012-09-07)[2019-08-25]. http://www.haedu.gov.cn/2012/09/07/1346998146250.html. [41] 吕立杰. 教师教育课程的实践取向探讨——以东北师范大学小学教育专业为例[J]. 东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版), 2018(3): 155-160. doi: https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DBSS201803025.htm [42] 李静郧. 对我国教师教育者身份认同研究现状的述评——基于Gee的身份理论[J]. 当代教育科学, 2017(7): 28-31. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2221.2017.07.007 [43] 李兴洲, 耿悦. 从生存到可持续发展: 终身学习理念嬗变研究——基于联合国教科文组织的报告[J]. 清华大学教育研究, 2017(1): 94-100. doi: https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-QHDJ201701012.htm [44] RUSSELL T. Tracing the development of self-study in teacher education research and practice[M]// LOUGHRAN J J, Hamilton M L, LABOSKEY V K, et al. International handbook of self-study of teaching and teacher education practices. Dordrecht: Springer, 2004: 1191-1210. [45] LOUGHRAN J. A history and context of self-study of teaching and teacher education practices[M]// LOUGHRAN J J, Hamilton M L, LABOSKEY V K, et al. International handbook of self-study of teaching and teacher education practices. Dordrecht: Springer, 2004: 7. [46] doi: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0742051X09002613 LUNENBERG M, ZWART R, KORTHAGEN F. Critical issues in supporting self-study[J]. Teaching and Teacher Education, 2009, 26(6): 1280-1289. [47] doi: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13664530.2015.1016242 BRODY D L, HADAR L L. Personal professional trajectories of novice and experienced teacher educators in a professional development community[J]. Teacher Development, 2015, 19(2): 248-249. [48] MURRAY J. Towards a new language of scholarship in teacher educators' professional learning?[J]. Professional Development in Education, 2010, 36(1-2): 197-209. doi: 10.1080/19415250903457125 [49] 杨跃. 教师教育者身份认同困境的社会学分析[J]. 当代教师教育, 2011(1): 6-10. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-2087.2011.01.002 [50] VILLEGAS-REIMERS E. Teacher professional development: an international review of the literature[M]. Paris: International Institute for Educational Planning, 2003: 138.
计量
- 文章访问数: 550
- HTML全文浏览数: 550
- PDF下载数: 45
- 施引文献: 0