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我国新一轮高考改革中实行的“科目自选”政策,打破了过去文理分科所造成的壁垒,通过增加学生选择权促进学生个性化和特色化发展,对提升学生基础素养、拓展学生综合能力、科学精准选拔人才发挥了重要作用。但与此同时,由于高考的高利害风险及其衍生的多圈层评价导引功能,不同利益主体在具体的选科指引、选科支持和选科决断中出现了异化倾向。学者们指出,高利害竞争诱发学生选科判断和决策异化,学生主要依据应试强项和兴趣爱好选科,功利性明显[1];奉行“田忌赛马”趋利避害原则,引发理科萎缩[2]。高中和大学的选科指引与支持体系并未提供充分的保障,高中生涯教育尚处于探索阶段,未形成系统化制度体系,专业咨询人员缺失也限制了指导效果[3]。选科走班对高中既有育人秩序造成冲击,给教学安排和师资匹配带来困难[4]。此外,大学选科限定主体责任意识不强[5],为追求生源覆盖面而放宽选科限制,对选考科目设置较为随意或不够严谨[6]。由此,导致学生的知识内容、实验能力无法与大学教学实现有效对接[7],而大学也尚未对生源结构变化做好准备[8],学生由高中向大学的顺利过渡受到影响。已有研究从高中、大学、考生独立视角明晰了选科政策的积极作用,揭示了不同利益主体选科异化风险,但缺乏高中“上构”和大学“下延”交互对接复合型视角。已有研究确证了选科的影响要素,但忽略了“如何选科、谁来选科、给何支持、如何对接”的整体交互关系。因此,选取发展中国家南非的“高考”(The National Senior Certificate,简称NSC)科目自选政策,厘清其制度设计,洞察其现实困境,对于反思和优化我国科目选择指引与支持体系、化解政策实施的异化风险、完善现代招考制度,具有积极意义。
A Study on the System of Subject Choices in National Senior Certification in South Africa
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摘要: 我国新一轮高考改革举措之一的"科目自选"取得成功经验的同时, 也遭遇现实困境。南非推行选科政策以来, 建立了"考试机构引领、高中选科支持、大学专业指引、社会选科辅助、成绩差异赋分"的科目自选指引与支持体系, 但政策运行中也出现了"理科整体下滑、高中功利指导、选科倚重成绩、走班编排冲突"等问题。以其为镜, 我国未来科目自选的指引与支持体系建设应优化顶层制度设计, 防范高利害竞争中田忌赛马式的功利取向; 丰富职业体验, 推进科目选择与职业生涯规划紧密结合; 促进高中大学衔接, 强化"上探"与"下沉"有机贯通; 完善选科管理机制, 优化动态师资统筹调配和走班编排体系。Abstract: Since the implementation of the new round of college entrance examination reform in China, "subject choices" policy has gained successful experience, but is still facing some practical difficulties. In South Africa, since the implementation of the subject choices, the guiding and supporting system of subject choices has been set up, which is led by examination institutions, supported by subject choices in high schools, guided by majors in university, and assisted by some social institutions, and carried out under the principle of different subjects giving different scores. But it also reflects practical dilemma during the implementation process, such as the shrinking of group science subjects, utilitarian guidance in high school, subject selection relying on grades, and conflicts in class arrangement.. Taking South Africa as a mirror, subject choice and support system should optimize the top-level system design in the future, so as to prevent the utilitarian oriented game risk in high-stakes competition; expand industry practical experience to promote the combination of subject choice and career planning; promote the link between high schools and universities to strengthen the organic connection between "search upward" and "spread downward"; improve the subject choices management mechanism to optimize the system of dynamic teachers coordination and class arrangement.
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