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标准是衡量事物或人的基本准则,也被视为职业专业化评价的重要依据。信息时代,衡量教师是否具备高水平的信息技术应用能力,首先需要确立科学合理的教师信息技术应用能力评估指标体系。2014年,我国发布《中小学教师信息技术应用能力标准(试行)》,旨在进一步规范化和标准化教师信息技术应用能力,促进教学和技术真正意义上的深度融合[1]。通过实施全国中小学教师信息技术应用能力提升工程,我国教师应用信息技术改进教育教学的意识和能力普遍提高。但2019年《教育部关于实施全国中小学教师信息技术应用能力提升工程2.0的意见》指出,面对大数据、人工智能等新技术变革对教师信息素养提出的新要求,仍然存在着信息化教学创新能力不足等问题[2]。与此同时,面对突飞猛进的新兴技术,如数据挖掘(Data Mining,简称DM)、拓展现实(Extended Reality,简称XR)、数字孪生(Digital Twin,简称DT)等,2014年发布的标准也逐渐显露出学用脱节、定位模糊、时效性差等局限性,亟待修订。在此背景下,美国作为世界信息与通信技术(Information and Communication Technology,简称ICT)的引领者,其国际教育技术协会(International Society for Technology in Education,简称ISTE)所研制的教师信息技术应用能力标准可供参考和借鉴。
How to Reshape the Role of Teachers in the Digital Age : Reconsideration of American Teachers' Information Technology Application Ability Standard
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摘要: 教师信息技术应用能力标准是衡量教师信息技术应用能力的准则, 它不仅有利于教师自身的专业发展, 同时也有助于提高教学成效、优化教学过程。从1993年开始, 美国国际教育技术协会先后发布了5个版本的教师信息技术应用能力标准。其于2017年发布的最新标准由此前的《ISTE国家教师教育技术标准和评价指标》更名为《ISTE教育者标准: 教师和其他专业人员指南》(ISTE Standards for Educators: A Guide for Teachers and Other Professionals), 但核心概念和深层内涵依旧指向教师信息技术应用能力, 目的是为教师教育和教师培训提供规范和准则, 促使其从单一的教师信息技术应用能力培养转向教师信息素养的全面提升。该标准基于发展学生核心素养的目标诉求, 以赋权学生为核心, 将教师的社会性角色划分为学习者、领导者、数字公民、协作者、设计者、促进者、分析者7个维度, 以此来构建评估指标, 从而更好地阐释了教师在数字时代的多重身份和职责分工。Abstract: The standard is the criterion to measure teachers' information technology application ability. It is not only beneficial to the professional development of teachers, but also helps to improve the teaching effect and optimize the teaching process. Since 1993, International Society for Technology in Education has successively issued five versions of teachers' information technology application ability standards. Its newly promulgated "ISTE Standards for Educators" in 2017 has been renamed, but the core concepts and deep connotations still point to teachers' information technology application capabilities. Its purpose is to provide norms and guidelines for teacher education and training, from single cultivation of information technology application ability training turns to comprehensive improvement of information literacy. Based on the goal of developing students' core literacy and focusing on empowering students, Educator Standards divides teachers' social roles into two categories and seven dimensions, to construct evaluation indicators and better explain the multiple identities and responsibilities of teachers in the age of intelligence.
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表 1 美国ISTE不同版本的教师信息技术应用能力标准比较
背景 发布时间 文件名 维度 具体指标 美国计算机与互联网尚未普及 1993年 《ISTE面向全体教师的技术基础标准》 无维度划分 13项 1997年 《ISTE面向全体教师的技术基础标准》 3个(计算机基本操作与概念;技术支持下的个人发展与专业实践;技术在教学中的应用) 18项 美国计算机与互联网基本普及 2000年 《ISTE国家教师教育技术标准和评价指标》 6个(技术操作与概念;规划并设计学习环境与活动;教学、学习与课程;评估与评价;教师专业发展与实践;社会、法律以及人类问题) 23项 美国当代教育改革第六次浪潮 2008年 《ISTE国家教师教育技术标准和评价指标》 5个(促进学生创造性学习;设计数字化学习活动与开发相关评估工具;示范数字化时代的学习与工作;提升数字公民意识与素养并成为典范;参与专业发展并提升领导力) 20项 AI等新兴技术涌现 2017年 《ISTE教育者标准:教师和其他专业人员指南》 7个(学习者;领导者;数字公民;协作者;设计者;促进者;分析者) 24项 资料来源:根据ISTE's Technology Foundation Standards for All Teachers(1993)、ISTE's Technology Foundation Standards for All Teachers(1997)、ISTE National Educational Technology Standards(NSTS·T) and Performance Indicators for Teachers(2000)、ISTE National Educational Technology Standards(NSTS·T) and Performance Indicators for Teachers(2008)、ISTE Standards for Educators:A Guide for Teachers and Other Professionals(2017)整理。 -
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