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1947年10月14日,原日军华中方面军司令官兼上海派遣军司令官松井石根的宣誓证词作为辩护方2738号证据提交给远东国际军事法庭,被法庭采纳,编为3498号书证。
在这篇洋洋洒洒12大点、经松井本人及其辩护律师伊藤清反复斟酌的宣誓证词中,松井关于其南京之行,只提到一次,且通篇都是推诿之词。关于南京大屠杀,松井不仅声明此为他第一次听说,还声称其作为华中方面军司令已经尽责,但南京仍然发生“不幸事件”,对此他特别指出三条免责理由:“日军攻占南京时,我正在苏州卧病在床; 而且我只在南京呆了五天,就离开了; 作为华中方面军的司令,我对前线的官兵没有直接的指挥权。”[1]
率军占领南京、并且两次去南京处理相关事宜的日军最高指挥官果真不知道南京大屠杀的话,历史真的得改写。
松井的南京之行真相如何?为何松井前后叙述差别巨大?当时在场的人如何记述松井的南京之行?不同表述背后蕴藏着什么样的玄机?南京之行与松井本人的命运有着什么样的关联?本文深入到不同历史场景的叙述之中,从特殊的视角探索松井在南京大屠杀中的责任,敬请指正。
Iwane Matsui's Trip to Nanjing and His Responsibilities
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摘要: 南京大屠杀期间,日本华中方面军司令官松井石根两次到南京。但在不同的时间和场境中,对于这段史实,却有不同的表述。挥兵占领“敌国首都”南京时,松井洋洋自得,对已经发生的南京大屠杀,态度是“在所难免”,故作姿态而实际并未严明军纪。而当战后远东国际军事法庭追究其作为甲级战犯的战争责任时,松井声明自己并不知情,反复声明自己已经尽责,企图与南京脱离干系,但在起诉方的质证下全面“失守”,渎职之责暴露无遗。松井的南京之行,需要面对“他者”的印证,兼为上海派遣军参谋长和远东国际军事法庭被告方证人的饭沼守的观察和陈述,生动地体现了场境转换的影响。对松井石根南京之行三个方面不同的描述,反映了南京大屠杀丰富的历史之维,也体现了历史记述和书写的复杂性。Abstract: During the Nanjing Massacre, Iwane Matsui, the commander of Japanese army in Central China, went to Nanjing twice. However, there were different statements about this historical fact in different time and situations. When Japanese army occupied Nanjing, the capital China, Matsui was very contented and held that the Nanjing Massacre was inevitable. He did not enforce and maintain strict military discipline. However, when the Far Eastern International Military Tribunal held him responsible as Class A war criminal after the war, Matsui declared that he knew nothing about the Massacre. He insisted that that he had done his duty in an attempt to wash his hands of the Nanjing Massacre. However, under the evidence of the prosecution, his dereliction of duty was exposed. Matsui's visit to Nanjing required the reflection of "the other". The observation and presentation of Iinuma Mamoru, Shanghai military chief of staff and the defendant witness to the Far East International Military Tribunal, vividly reflected the impact of the change of scene. The different descriptions of Matsui's trip to Nanjing reflected the rich historical dimensions of the Nanjing Massacre and the complexity of historical narration and writing.
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[1] IMTFE EXHIBIT No. 3498, Rg238, Entry14 (PI-180), Box306, Location: 190/10/25/1-9[Z]. National Achieves Ⅱ of USA, Maryland. [2] 张宪文. 南京大屠杀史料集: 第8册[G]. 南京: 江苏人民出版社、凤凰出版社, 2014. [3] 张生.侵华日军南京大屠杀的"德国视角"——以德国外交档案为中心[J].南京大学学报(哲学、人文科学、社会科学版), 2007(1):79-94. doi: http://doi.wanfangdata.com.cn/10.3969/j.issn.1007-7278.2007.01.009 [4] 张生.美国文本记录的南京大屠杀[J].历史研究, 2012(5):128-143. doi: https://www.wenkuxiazai.com/doc/8be1fa465f0e7cd185253644.html [5] 张宪文, 主编. 南京大屠杀史料集: 第7册[G]. 南京: 江苏人民出版社, 2014. [6] IMTFE EXHIBIT No. 3498, Rg238, Entry14 (PI-180), Box301, Location: 190/10/25/1-9[Z]. National Achieves Ⅱ of USA, Maryland. [7] 南京战史编集委员会. 南京战史资料集Ⅰ[G]. 东京: 偕行社, 1993. [8] IMTFE EXHIBIT No. 3498, Rg153, Entry169, Box8, Location: 270/2/21/03[Z]. National Achieves Ⅱ of USA, Maryland. [9] 张宪文. 南京大屠杀史料集: 第13册[G]. 南京: 江苏人民出版社, 2014. [10] 约翰·拉贝. 拉贝日记[M]. 本书翻译组, 译. 南京: 江苏人民出版社、江苏教育出版社, 1999.
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