-
西方选举民主的合法性主要依赖于聚合式的选举程序。但考虑到多元主义的限制等因素,这类聚合式的选举民主存在诸多缺陷。协商民主的理论与实践在一定程度上弥补了聚合式民主的不足。在批判性地考察主要协商民主论者的相关主张基础之上,本文认为,纯粹的公平程序不足以保证民主合法性,协商民主的合法性还应考虑民主社会的实质要求。公共利益的限制、合理多元主义的限制以及民主结果的合理性等因素都构成民主合法性的基础,民主制度中的这些实质性要求,正是我国协商民主实践同西方民主实践的差异所在,也是我国协商民主制度的优势所在。具体而言,中国特色社会主义的协商民主是在中国共产党领导下的民主协商与民主集中的统一,即体现了公民的民主权利和个人利益,又体现了公共利益和集体利益,与西方民主过于强调程序的民主制度不同,我国的协商民主制度通过平衡民主程序与民主实质而较好地实现了个人利益与公共利益的协调。
The Procedure and Substance of Western Theory of Deliberative Democracy
-
摘要: 西方主流民主模式是选举民主,其核心是“一人一票”的公平程序。20世纪后期兴起的协商民主理论则强调民主过程中的辩论、反思、公共利益等实质要求,将民主合法性的讨论集中在了民主协商的程序要求和实质要求当中。在这一问题上,哈贝马斯将民主协商的合法性完全置于理想的协商程序当中;罗尔斯则认为,理想的协商程序所确立的原则构成了协商民主合法性的主要来源,但协商过程中的实质要求和协商结果同样构成民主合法性的检验标准。新近的某些协商民主论者则结合现实的制度和经验进一步丰富了协商民主合法性的讨论。理清不同主张之间的异同,有利于理解西方协商民主理论的逻辑演进、核心观念和最新进展,进而有助于理解西方协商民主同我国协商民主的差异和存在的缺陷。Abstract: The mainstream mode of democracy in the West is electoral democracy, and its core is the fair procedure of "one person, one vote". The theory of deliberative democracy, which emerged in the late twentieth century, emphasizes the substantive requirements of debate, reflection and public interest in the process of democracy, and focuses the discussion of democratic legitimacy on the procedural and substantive requirements of democratic deliberation. On this issue, Habermas believes that the legitimacy of deliberative democracy depends entirely on the ideal deliberation procedures, while John Rawls believes that ideal deliberation procedures constitute the main source of deliberative democracy's legitimacy, but the substance of deliberative democracy and deliberation results also constitute the criteria of democratic legitimacy. Recently, some deliberative democrats have enriched the discussion on the legitimacy of deliberative democracy by combining the actual system and experience. Sorting out the similarities and differences between different propositions is conducive to understanding the logic evolution, core concepts and the latest progress of deliberative democracy, which is helpful for us to understand the differences between deliberative democracy in the West and that in China, and to understand its defects.
-
[1] doi: http://www.jstor.org/stable/192147 KNIGHT J, JOHNSON J. Aggregation and deliberation:on the possibility of democratic legitimacy[J]. Political theory, 1994(2):277-296. [2] BEITZ C R. Political equality:an essay in democratic theory[M]. Princeton:Princeton University Press, 1989:5. [3] RIKER W H. Liberalism against populism:a confrontation between the theory of democracy and the theory of social choice[M].San Francisco:W.H.Freeman, 1982:14. [4] 埃斯特朗德.超越公正与协商: 民主权威的认知维度[G]//博曼, 雷吉.协商民主: 论理性与政治.陈家刚, 等译.北京: 中央编译出版社, 2006: 131-134. [5] HABERMAS J. Moral consciousness and communicative action[M].LENHARDT C, NICHOLSEN S W, Trans. Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1990: 89. [6] RAWLS J, Political liberalism[M].New York:Columbia University Press, 1993. [7] 科恩.协商与民主合法性[G]//博曼, 雷吉, 协商民主: 论理性与政治.陈家刚, 等译.北京: 中央编译出版社, 2006: 51-54. [8] doi: http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=59abd9d6dbcfd38dfbcfdd382ccd8247 RAWLS J. Kantian constructivism in moral theory[J]. Journal of philosophy, 1980, 77(9):515-572. [9] 哈贝马斯.理性公共运用下的调解——评约翰·罗尔斯的"政治自由主义"[G]//罗尔斯, 等.政治自由主义: 批评与辩护.万俊人, 等译.广州: 广东人民出版社, 2003: 15-45. [10] YOUNG I M. Inclusion and democracy[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2000. [11] 罗尔斯.正义论[M].何怀宏, 何包钢, 廖申白, 译.北京: 中国社会科学出版社, 1988. [12] 本哈比.走向审议式的民主合法性模式[G]//谈火生.审议民主.南京: 江苏人民出版社, 2007: 193-194. [13] FREEMAN S. Introduction:John Rawls——an overview[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2003:23. [14] 科恩.协商民主的程序与实质[G]//本哈比.民主与差异: 挑战政治的边界.黄相怀, 严海兵, 等译.北京: 中央编译出版社, 2009: 104-109. [15] PARKINSON J. Deliberating in the real world:problems of legitimacy in deliberative democracy[M]. Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2006. [16] 习近平.决胜全面建成小康社会夺取新时代中国特色社会主义伟大胜利——在中国共产党第十九次全国代表大会上的报告(2017年10月18日)[N].人民日报, 2017-10-28(1).
计量
- 文章访问数: 1553
- HTML全文浏览数: 957
- PDF下载数: 99
- 施引文献: 0