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中东-北非区域(the Middle East and North Africa, MENA)作为阿拉伯国家的核心地域,过去半个世纪里,在国际组织大力支持下,教育事业获得了长足发展,教育在社会、经济、文化发展中的战略地位日益突出。目前,MENA国家平均年教育财政支出占GDP比重已达4.9%;基础教育入学率显著提高,如埃及在2005—2017年间基础教育入学率从90%上升到97%,辍学人数在过去五年间下降了50%;阿拉伯联合酋长国基础教育入学率从1985年的72%增长到2017年的97%[1]。但在创新驱动社会经济发展背景下,这些地区仍存在一系列急需解决的突出问题:基础教育辍学率仍较高,约2 200万阿拉伯国家儿童未能接受正规教育,主要是童工和难民儿童群体,如也门5~14岁适龄儿童中童工比例高达14%;在黎巴嫩、约旦、伊拉克、土耳其四大难民国家中,难民儿童辍学率分别达到了46%、36%、31%、37%[2]。与国际社会相比,该地区整体教育质量不高,在2015年TIMSS测试中,排最后六位的成员国全部为该区域阿拉伯国家; 教育机会扩大仍未转化为经济增长,青年失业率高达30%以上,为世界最高地区; 家庭和个人在教育上的高投入与劳动力市场低回报并存[2]。世界银行在对该区域一项“教育是否提高了本国就业机会”问题的调研中发现,92%的受访者给出了否定回答[1]。为加快推进现代知识经济体系建设和学习型社会构建,充分发挥教育潜力,近年来,该区域各国政府纷纷发起了新一轮教育改革浪潮,旨在加快教育现代化进程和推进教育发展模式根本转型。
A Review of Predicament and Development Orientation of Education Modernization in MENA
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摘要: 中东-北非区域作为阿拉伯国家核心地域,在教育领域存在着唯学历证书与低技能教育、高机械学习与低自主探究、高行政管制与低学术自治、强宗教性教学与弱现代性教学并存的现实困境。在推动教育现代化进程中,该区域以质量导向构建全纳性卓越教育现代化生态系统,以技能培养确保学生核心素养获得,以契约重构实现利益相关者教育共治。借鉴中东-北非区域经验和教训,我国教育系统应以“教育现代化2035”为契机,以有效学习激活卓越而公平的教育生态系统,以技能获取强化核心素养导向综合改革,以利益相关者共治推进教育治理体系现代化。Abstract: As the core region of Arab countries, MENA faced the predicament of credential-only certificate and lowskill education, strong mechanical learningand low inquiry learning, over control and limited autonomy governance, strong religious teaching and weak modern teaching in education field. In order to drive education modernization process, MENA countries construct inclusive and excellent ecology of education modernization with quality orientation and assure students to access the core competencies by skill training, realizing education co-governance with various stakeholders by reconstructing pact. Borrowing experience and lessons in MENA, education system in China should take Education Modernization 2035 as an opportunity to activate the excellent and equity educational ecosystem with effective learning, and strengthen comprehensive education reform toward the core competency with skill acquirement, along with driving modernization of education governance system by various stakeholders co-governance.
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