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众所周知,将原药加工成制剂,是为了使农药活性成分能够到达靶标并作用于靶标,获得最大的生物活性.传统农药剂型在使用过程中,容易在靶标体或靶标附近的环境中被快速水解、光解或微生物细菌分解,使其浓度下降,防效降低,因此,传统农药经常需要多次喷洒才能保证其对病虫草害达到有效控制,但也造成了农药在环境中的大量累积,对环境造成较大影响.与此同时,多次施药也使得有害生物对药剂的抗性迅速提升.控制释放技术是指在一个特定的系统中,对特定的靶标,该系统内的活性物质可按照预先设定的浓度和时间持续释放,并达到预期的效果[1-3].控释技术广泛地应用于医药、化妆品、香料、染料、塑料、食品、显示材料及酶催化合成等行业和领域[4-5],农药制剂领域应用控制释放技术,可使得农药剂型能够定向控制释放,减少农药的施用次数,以达到高效、安全、经济和使用方便的目的.
关于以无机材料作为壁材包裹药物的研究中,Higashizaka E[6]使用可生物降解聚合物颗粒和陶瓷颗粒为壁材,对原药如4-异丙基环庚二烯酚酮进行包覆制备胶囊缓释剂,该研究提出,即便胶囊缓释剂暴露在阳光下抑或处于温度变化较大的环境中,均显现出被包裹的原药在外层可降解的颗粒降解后,才会通过含有陶瓷粒子的囊壁缓慢释放的结果. Qian K等[7]以氯化钙和碳酸钠为原料,采用反相微乳法对井冈霉素进行包裹得到了碳酸钙为囊壳的纳米胶囊,结果显示,所制备的纳米胶囊包封量较高,稳定性能好,具有明显的缓释效果.由此可以看出,无机材料作为一种微胶囊壁材,可以制备出一系列包封量高、稳定性好的微胶囊制剂.
戊唑醇是拜耳公司研制的新一代高效三唑类内吸性杀菌剂,英文通用名:tebueonazole,化学名称:(RS)-1-(4-氯苯基)-4,4-二甲基-3-(IH-1,2,4-三唑-1-甲基)戊-3-醇,其化学结构如图 1所示.戊唑醇等三唑类杀菌剂具有其独特的杀菌作用机制,主要是通过破坏真菌的麦角甾醇的生物合成,从而阻碍真菌细胞壁的形成,最终起到防治真菌病害的作用[8-9].戊唑醇在使用过程中除了具备高效、低毒、广谱、用量小的特点外,还有增强根系的活性、调节植物的生长、延缓叶片衰老等优点,使其广泛地运用于作物的叶面喷洒或者种子处理当中,可有效防治禾谷类作物的多种白粉病、锈病、网斑病、赤霉病、根腐病、纹枯病、黑穗病等.因此,戊唑醇在农药杀菌剂领域有着广阔的发展前景.
然而,戊唑醇再生产使用中存在两个问题:第一,戊唑醇的主要剂型是乳油,持效期短,而且使用大量有机溶剂容易造成环境污染和资源浪费;第二,戊唑醇使用频繁以后产生的抗性问题.刘英华等[10]在研究禾谷丝核菌对戊唑醇的抗性中发现,多次施用戊唑醇使得菌系出现较高的抗性,且抗戊唑醇的菌系对三唑酮、丙环唑等药剂均产生高度的交互抗性,与敏感菌系相比,其交互抗性倍数分别高达31.2倍和22.8倍.
因此,为提高戊唑醇的使用效量、降低残留、减少环境污染,本文主要采用正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和氯化钙为原料,形成以无机硅酸钙为壁材的新型戊唑醇纳米胶囊缓释剂,并对戊唑醇纳米胶囊缓释剂进行性能表征,并研究戊唑醇缓释剂释放规律.
Preparation of Tebuconazole Nano-Capsule Incorporating CaSiO3 and Study of Its Controlled Release Performance
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摘要: 以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和氯化钙为壁材固化包裹戊唑醇,制备得到2.5%的戊唑醇硅酸钙纳米胶囊缓释剂.并利用扫描电镜、激光粒度分布仪、傅里叶红外色谱仪、高效液相色谱对其理化性能进行详细表征,并对其缓释性能进行了探讨.结果表明:该方法能够得到硅酸钙包裹的戊唑醇纳米胶囊缓释剂;胶囊形状为规则的球形,平均粒径为209.8 nm,粒径分布窄,且呈正态分布,形态稳定;较高温度和pH碱性能够提升戊唑醇的缓释速率,壁材的增厚会降低戊唑醇的缓释速率.戊唑醇微胶囊的制备对提高戊唑醇的使用效率、降低残留、减少环境污染具有重要的意义.Abstract: In this study, 2.5% tebuconazole sustained-release capsule agent was prepared via the method of CaSiO3 package curing tebuconazole, using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and calcium chloride as the wall materials. The particle size range, physical behavior and sustained-release properties of the product were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser particle size distribution instrument, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the preparation method of tebuconazole capsule enclosed by calcium silicate was practicable. This capsule was regularly spherical in shape, with an average particle size of 209.8 nm, and narrowly and normally distributed with shape stability. Moreover, high temperature, alkaline pH as well as thin wall materials could enhance the release speed of tebuconazole. Therefore, tebuconazole micro-capsule preparation can be of important significance for improving the effective usage of tebuconazole, residue reduction and environment pollution reduction.
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Key words:
- tebuconazole /
- nano-capsule /
- preparation /
- characterization .
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