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绝大多数蜘蛛是独居的,分布较分散,且具有攻击性和性食同类现象,它们的繁殖需要交配选择信号来发现配偶并且评估配偶的繁殖价值,决定是否接受配偶[1-3].结网型蜘蛛的视力较差,蛛网的存在可以帮助它们识别猎物、捕食者和潜在的配偶,研究表明它们更多地依靠触觉和化学信号来交流[4-6].在交配季节,雄蛛离开自己的网,寻找雌蛛进行交配.一方面,雌蛛通过释放表皮的或沉积在蛛网上的化学物质吸引雄蛛,这些化学物质可以传递不同类型的信息,比如:物种身份、年龄、性别以及生殖状态,通常还可以激发雄蛛的求偶行为[7-8].另一方面,雄蛛通过触肢上的化学感受器感知雌蛛释放的性信息素,根据交配代价和雌蛛质量的变化,进行配偶选择[9-11].雄蛛的求偶行为被认为可以进行物种识别、刺激雌性的性行为、抑制雌性交配前的捕食倾向,因此,描述雄蛛的求偶行为对于理解它的繁殖生物学是很重要的[12-15].
雌蛛的性成熟状态和交配状态对于雄蛛来说可能是繁殖价值的指示剂,直接影响雄蛛的交配投资[1].研究表明,许多无脊椎动物的雄性可以识别已交配雌性和处女雌性,对求偶强度、精液大小和相应的容量进行调整[16-21].尤其对于存在性食同类的类群,潜在的配偶也是潜在的捕食者,雄性错误靠近异种或不接受交配的雌性将面临被捕食的风险,雄蛛通过蛛丝区分处女雌蛛和已交配雌蛛已经在许多研究中得以报道[22-26],相对来说,雄蛛更倾向于选择处女雌蛛的蛛网[27-29].性选择使雄蛛把搜寻代价降到最低,提高区分雌蛛生殖状态的能力,放弃繁殖价值低的雌蛛,避免随之而来的代价和风险[22].
目前关于漏斗蛛科性信息素的研究较少,已鉴定得到信息素化学结构的仅有1种. Riechert & Singer报道了北美的一种沙漠漏斗蛛(Agelenopsis aperta),雌蛛蛛网上存在性信息素,并且雄蛛可以对雌蛛的交配状态进行选择[25]. Papke等报道了这种漏斗蛛的性信息素为8-甲基-2-壬酮,它既可以吸引雄蛛,也能引起雄蛛的求偶行为[30].本实验以刺近隅蛛为研究对象,采用动物行为学的方法探究:① 求偶及交配行为的具体历程;② 雌蛛蛛网上是否存在引起雄蛛求偶的化学物质;③ 雄蛛是否可以根据蛛网上的化学物质判断雌蛛的交配状态,揭示化学物质在漏斗蛛科性选择中的作用,为信息素的提取和鉴定提供实验依据.
A Male Aterigena aculeata Can Differentiate the Reproduction Stage of a Female When Facing the Female Web
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摘要: 化学通讯被认为是结网类蜘蛛两性间交流的主要方式,但对结漏斗网蜘蛛两性间的交流方式却少有研究.在了解刺近隅蛛Aterigena aculeata的求偶和交配过程的基础上,验证了处女雌蛛蛛网可以触发雄蛛的求偶行为,表明处女雌蛛蛛网上存在着某种化学物质,即性信息素.继而,将雄蛛置于不同生殖状态的雌蛛蛛网上,发现雄蛛面对处女雌蛛蛛网时的求偶延迟时间最短;已交配雌蛛蛛网也可以引起求偶,但延迟时间较长;而亚成体雌蛛和雄蛛的蛛网均不能触发求偶反应.表明雄性刺近隅蛛可以通过蛛网判断出它靠近的这头蜘蛛是否适合自己进行交配.漏斗蛛和其他结网类蜘蛛类似,化学通讯在两性交流过程中起着非常重要的作用.Abstract: Chemical signal is considered to be the most important way of intersexual communication for web-building spiders, but few researches of funnel-web weaving spiders have been done. First, it was tested and verified in this study that courtship behavior of male Aterigena aculeata can be triggered by the intraspecific virgin female web, thus suggesting that some kind of chemical signal should exist in the web of virgin female A. aculeata. Then, male spiders were placed on the webs of subadult females, virgin females or mated females to test which web was the best to trigger male courtship. The result showed that the male courtship latency time was the shortest when the male spider faced a virgin female web, and that male courtship could also be triggered on a mated female web, only with a longer latency time; while the webs of subadult females and males failed to trigger male courtship behavior. It is, therefore, concluded that a male A. aculeata can estimate, via some chemical clue, the reproduction stage of the female it is approaching and select the best (virgin female) as its "wife". Similar to the case of other web weaving spiders, chemical communication plays a key role in the copulatory process of funnel-web spiders.
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Key words:
- funnel-web spider /
- courtship behavior /
- pheromone /
- chemical communication .
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表 1 雄蛛在不同状态蛛网上的求偶延迟时间
蛛网状态 处女雌蛛 已交配雌蛛 亚成体雌蛛 雄蛛 蛛网个数/个 20 20 15 20 求偶延迟时间/min 10.21±2.04 86.11±4.08 116.67±3.33 117.25±2.75 -
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