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银杏(Ginkgo biloba L.),雌雄异株,原产我国天目山地区,是著名孑遗植物,被誉为活化石[1-2],可观叶、观果、观树形,具有良好的景观价值和生态价值[3-4];银杏叶含有多种黄酮类物质[5],在心脑血管类疾病治疗[6]、大脑及中枢神经类疾病如阿尔茨海默病及帕金森病的治疗[7]、抗肿瘤[8-9]等方面具有很高的医药研究价值.由于银杏外种皮腐烂后有恶臭,因此不结果的雄株银杏在园林应用上优于雌株[10];而农业生产上希望栽植雌株银杏以收获经济价值高的白果;而在杂交育种时,依据育种目的不同,有时只需要保留单一性别亲本.然而,银杏雌雄株要等开花后才能鉴别,需要25年左右[11].因此研究银杏非花果期性别鉴别具有重要的理论意义和实用价值.银杏性别鉴定在利用同工酶[12]、染色体核型[13]、分子标记[14-15]等分子技术上取得了一定的进展,但是这些技术复杂、耗时、不适用于生产实践;要找到生产上可操作性强的方法,还是应从银杏的表观形态学特征着手进行鉴别[16].
本研究对银杏非花果期的花芽发育、叶片形态特征、叶绿素质量比、气孔密度进行了对比分析,发现利用银杏长枝叶片的叶色和短枝叶片的叶面积、气孔密度来判断植株雌雄的方法,即春季雌株较雄株浓绿,秋季雄株较雌株晚黄;雄株叶片面积大于雌株,雌株叶气孔密度高于雄株;探索成年银杏的一些表观特征与雌雄性别间的可能偶联关系,为银杏非花果期性别鉴定提供有价值的理论依据.
Analysis of Morphological Differences of the Leaves of Adult Ginkgo Trees in the Non-Flowering and Non-Fruiting Period
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摘要: 为探寻成年雌雄银杏形态学差异,调查了成年银杏雌雄株花芽发育形态,短、长枝叶片形态指标,春、秋季叶片叶绿素质量比的变化以及气孔密度的表观特征.结果表明:银杏雌花芽呈尖锐圆锥形,雄花芽呈饱满半球形;同性别银杏单株间形态特征差异不显著,具有相对稳定性;雌株短枝、长枝叶片叶长、叶宽、叶基夹角、叶面积和叶形指数都分别显著小于雄株对应枝条上相应叶片形态特征,而叶柄显著大于雄株叶柄;春季,雌株短枝、长枝叶片叶绿素质量比分别高于雄株17.48%,31.03%;秋季,雌株短枝、长枝叶片叶绿素质量比分别低于雄株6.25%,21.82%;春季雌株较雄株浓绿,秋季雄株较雌株晚黄;雌株短枝、长枝叶片的气孔密度都分别显著高于雄株相应的短枝、长枝上的叶片气孔密度.研究结果证明:银杏叶片表观特征与性别分化关联密切;非花果期鉴定成年银杏性别,可依据花芽形态特征、银杏叶片叶色、叶绿素质量比、气孔密度的差异来初步鉴别.Abstract: To identify the gender of ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) effectively in the non-flowering and non-fruiting period, investigations were carried out of the flower bud morphological characters, the leaf morphological indexes, the chlorophyll content and the leaf stomatal density of adult ginkgo trees. The female flower buds were found to be thin and cone-shaped, and the male ones were plump and hemispheric in shape. The morphological characters of the trees of the same gender were relatively stable, with no significant difference. The length, width, phyllopodium angle, leaf area and leaf shape index (L/W ratio) of the leaves on the short and long shoots of the female trees were strikingly smaller than those of the male trees, while the petiole length of the female trees was greater than that of the male trees. In spring, the chlorophyll content of the leaves on short and long shoots of the female trees was 17.48% and 31.03% higher than that of the male trees, respectively. In autumn, the chlorophyll content of the leaves on short and long shoots the female trees was 6.25% and 21.82% lower than that of the male trees, respectively. The leaf color of the female trees was greener than that of the male trees in spring, and the male trees turned yellow later than the female trees in autumn. The stomatal density on the leaves of the female trees was dramatically higher than that of the male trees. In conclusion, the apparent characteristics of ginkgo leaves are closely associated with the gender of the tree. The gender of an adult ginkgo tree can be identified preliminarily through observing the differences of the developmental morphology of its flower buds, leaf morphological indexes, leaf color, chlorophyll contents and leaf stomatal density in the non-flowering and non-fruiting period.
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Key words:
- Ginkgo biloba L /
- gender /
- leaf morphology on long/short shoots /
- chlorophyll content /
- stomatal density /
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表 1 银杏雌雄株性别鉴定植株基本情况
编号 性别 鉴定依据 胸径/cm 树龄/年 F1 雌 结种子 79 50左右 F2 雌 结种子 81 50左右 F3 雌 结种子 43 40左右 F4 雌 结种子 39 40左右 M1 雄 开雄花 35 30左右 M2 雄 开雄花 43 40左右 M3 雄 开雄花 40 40左右 M4 雄 开雄花 36 30左右 注:F代表雌株,M代表雄株. 表 2 银杏雌雄株叶片形态特征对比
植株 叶长/mm 叶宽/mm 叶柄/mm 叶基夹角/° 叶面积/mm2 叶形指数 短枝 F1 38.16±1.15a 61.09±1.06a 55.73±2.64b 135.04±1.47a 2 118±119a 0.59±0.01a F2 39.98±1.51a 63.98±1.12a 56.93±2.78b 137.43±1.58a 2 027±135a 0.60±0.01a F3 40.91±1.30a 64.85±1.10a 59.67±3.49b 140.85±1.79a 2 166±131a 0.61±0.01a F4 41.54±1.23a 66.02±1.31a 61.39±4.87b 141.17±2.07b 2 217±125a 0.61±0.01a M1 42.94±0.70b 72.52±1.16b 45.18±1.08a 156.23±9.56b 2 573±156b 0.66±0.02b M2 44.63±0.54b 75.37±0.78b 46.74±1.18a 140.08±7.47a 2 628±171b 0.68±0.01b M3 45.38±0.60b 76.43±0.81b 48.22±1.61a 139.11±8.45a 2 439±162b 0.65±0.07b M4 46.53±0.74b 76.07±0.92b 49.39±1.82a 145.37±9.02b 2 595±161b 0.67±0.02b F 40.1±1.3a 64.0±1.1a 58.4±3.4b 138.6±1.7a 2 132.0±127.5a 0.60±0.01a M 44.8±0.6b 75.1±0.9b 47.4±1.4a 145.2±8.6b 2 558.7±162.4b 0.66±0.03b (M-F/F 11.72% 17.34% -18.84% 5.07% 19.98% 10.00% 长枝 F1 45.10±1.46a 64.13±1.44a 49.02±1.56b 111.66±2.70a 1 844±84a 0.70±0.01a F2 44.29±0.84a 63.53±1.02a 52.09±1.49b 118.21±4.40a 2 195±91a 0.70±0.02a F3 45.93±0.80a 63.64±1.98a 51.54±2.93b 120.19±5.61a 1 910±130a 0.72±0.04a F4 43.55±1.18a 62.02±2.06a 52.31±3.42b 127.50±6.08b 2 312±158a 0.70±0.02a M1 45.81±1.01b 66.54±2.03b 39.93±1.15a 119.77±2.69a 2 152±119b 0.73±0.01b M2 46.33±1.15b 68.78±2.18b 43.81±1.24a 120.52±2.88a 2 551±123b 0.74±0.01b M3 48.46±1.14b 69.37±2.31b 40.87±1.77a 125.69±2.91b 2 532±128b 0.75±0.01b M4 49.15±1.20b 71.65±2.45b 42.79±1.85a 128.06±3.05b 2 627±136b 0.76±0.01b F 44.7±1.0a 63.3±1.6a 51.2±2.4b 119.4±3.4a 2 065.3±95.80a 0.71±0.02a M 47.4±1.1b 69.1±2.2b 41.9±1.5a 123.5±2.9b 2 465.6±126.6b 0.74±0.01b (M-F)/F 6.04% 9.16% -18.16% 3.36% 19.37% 4.23% 注:1. F代表雌株,M代表雄株,F代表所有雌株平均值,M代表所有雄株平均值;2.各列中不同的小写字母表示在p<0.05水平上差异具有统计学意义. 表 3 银杏雌雄株叶片叶绿素质量比及气孔密度对比
项目 季节 短枝 长枝 F M (F-M)/M F M (F-M)/M 叶绿素/(mg·g-1) 春季 1.21±0.02b 1.03±0.01a 17.48% 1.14±0.01b 0.87±0.03a 31.03% 秋季 0.30±0.01a 0.32±0.01b -6.25% 0.43±0.02a 0.55±0.03b -21.82% 减率 -75.21% -68.93% -62.28% -36.78% 叶色标定 春季 3 425c 356c 349c 360c 秋季 5 767c 626c 5 825c 7 498c 气孔密度/(个·mm-2) 469.4±4.8b 431.3±4.0a 8.82% 436.4±3.5b 418.8±3.9a 4.31% 注:1. F代表雌株,M代表雄株,F代表所有雌株平均值,M代表所有雄株平均值;2.各列中不同的小写字母表示在p<0.05水平上差异具有统计学意义. -
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