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化感作用是指植物或微生物分泌的次生代谢物对植物产生的有利或不利的作用[1-2],该作用存在于植物生长的各个阶段,包括种子萌发及幼苗生长成熟[3-5].受体和供体为同种植物而产生抑制作用的现象即称为自毒作用[6],自毒作用是产生连作障碍的主要原因之一[7],表现为作物长势变差,质量产量降低,病虫害增加等[8-10].由于受种植条件、耕地数量以及经济利益等制约,连作障碍现象在烟草农业生产和中药材作物种植广泛存在[11].轮(间套)作种植模式是当前缓解连作障碍的重要措施,能够克服植物自毒作用[12],改善土壤理化性质[13],提高作物质量和产量[14],降低作物病虫害[15].
玄参(Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsley)和川明参(Chuanminshen violaceum Sheh et Sha)是西南地区种植的两种重要的中药材作物,其适宜的生态条件与广泛种植的烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)相重合.但3种作物都表现不同程度的自毒作用,忌连作[16].采用特定的药烟轮(间套)作种植模式,或许可以避免各自连作造成的产质量降低等连作障碍现象,使药烟生产相得益彰.中草药玄参和川明参均为根部用药,在采收期之前功能叶片逐渐减少直至枯萎,叶片凋落田间腐烂[17-18],其茎叶枯落物、须根残留田间会对接下来种植的作物产生影响[19].但这两种中药材作物与烟草间的化感效应尚未有研究.为探究玄参、川明参枯落物对烟草的化感作用,本研究采用不同质量浓度的玄参、川明参枯落物的水浸提液处理烟草种子和幼苗,旨在为西南烟区发展中药材生产和药烟轮(间套)作种植模式提供参考.
Allelopathic Effects of Leaf-Stem Litter Aqueous Extracts of Scrophularia ningpoensis and Chuanminshen violaceum on Tobacco Growth
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摘要: 为探讨玄参、川明参茎叶枯落物对烟草种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用,选择烟草K126为研究对象,研究质量浓度为0.01,0.02,0.05,0.10 mg/L的玄参、川明参茎叶枯落物水浸液处理下烟草种子的发芽率和发芽特性,以及烟草幼苗叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素和抗氧化酶系统活性.结果表明,玄参水浸液低质量浓度(0.01~0.05 mg/L)处理下,种子萌发率、萌发指数显著升高,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、丙二醛(MDA)与对照相比差异无统计学意义,3种抗氧化酶SOD,CAT,POD活性升高,而高质量浓度(0.10 mg/L)下,MDA累积,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素质量分数显著降低,表现出对烟草“低促高抑”的化感效应;川明参在所有水浸液质量浓度(0.01~0.10 mg/L)下,种子萌发率、萌发指数、活力指数、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素质量分数升高,3种抗氧化酶SOD,CAT,POD活性和MDA有一定降低,表现出对烟草化感正效应.Abstract: Allelopathic effect is one of the most important reasons resulting in continuous cropping obstacle. There have been relatively few studies on allelopathy between tobacco and the Chinese herbal medicinal plants Scrophularia ningpoensis and Chuanminshen violaceum. In order to investigate the allelopathic effect existing in the process of intercropping tobacco and Chinese herbal medicinal plants, this study selected the flue-cured tobacco cultivar K126 as the research object. The aqueous extract of 1-year-old leaf-stem litter of S. ningpoensis and C. violaceum (LES and LEC) at a concentration of 0.01, 0.02, 0.05 or 0.10 mg/L was used to treat the tobacco plants. The results showed that compared with the untreated control, LES at lower concentrations (0.01-0.05 mg/L) significantly raised the germination percentage of K126 and enhanced its SOD, CAT and POD activities, while no significant differences were observed in the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and MDA. In contrast, LES at the highest concentration (0.10 mg/L) significantly decreased the contents of MDA, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids of the tobacco plants. LEC of all concentrations exerted a positive allelopathic effect on these parameters.
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Key words:
- tobacco /
- Scrophularia ningpoensis /
- Chuanminshen violaceum /
- continuous cropping obstacle /
- allelopathic effect .
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表 1 不同质量浓度玄参、川明参茎叶枯落物下烟草种子的日萌发率
水浸液种类 处理 时间 第4天 第5天 第6天 第7天 第8天 第9天 CK 0.00 1.84±0.83dC 47.19±6.12cd 65.26±4.67ab 67.71±4.68a 70.16±3.25a 73.01±4.08ab 玄参 0.01 0.30±0.52dC 40.66±3.27de 58.10±1.37cd 62.62±3.32a 68.47±4.55ab 76.61±11.24a 0.02 0.53±0.46dC 40.00±2.05de 53.35±1.68de 61.12±3.97ab 62.45±3.62abc 64.45±5.54bc 0.05 0.56±0.49dC 35.27±5.28e 56.97±1.84cde 65.86±4.74a 68.28±6.49ab 72.42±8.18ab 0.10 0.00±0.00dC 38.12±3.20e 50.81±8.27e 54.85±6.18b 56.24±3.62c 56.75±3.01c 川明参 0.01 13.64±1.13aA 61.45±5.20a 66.45±2.19a 66.72±1.96a 66.72±1.96ab 66.72±1.96abc 0.02 13.93±4.19aA 49.53±3.12bc 60.11±1.59bc 67.87±4.82a 67.87±4.82ab 69.75±4.85ab 0.05 8.76±0.71bB 55.09±3.41ab 58.04±2.13cd 61.08±3.49ab 61.08±3.49bc 61.96±4.89bc 0.10 5.44±0.32cB 47.04±3.08cd 58.39±0.32cd 66.59±2.99a 66.84±3.28ab 69.5±1.73ab 注:在同一列中,不同小写字母表示与对照差异有统计学意义(p<0.05),不同大写字母表示与对照差异极有统计学意义(p<0.01),下同. 表 2 不同质量浓度玄参、川明参茎叶枯落物下烟草种子的发芽特性
水浸液种类 处理 发芽指数 胚根长/mm 苗高/mm 活力指数 CK 0.00 13.84±0.71c 11.33±0.58a 13.33±0.58a 184.77±17.06cd 玄参 0.01 17.91±0.75a 12.33±0.58a 13.67±0.58a 220.69±39.57abc 0.02 14.55±0.52c 12.33±0.58a 15.00±1.73a 218.80±33.56abc 0.05 13.57±1.15c 12.33±0.58a 14.33±0.58a 194.37±16.43bcd 0.10 11.04±1.07d 11.67±0.58a 13.67±0.58a 151.32±20.53d 川明参 0.01 16.83±0.41ab 12.67±0.58a 14.67±0.58a 247.05±15.62a 0.02 13.98±0.58c 12.67±0.58a 14.67±0.58a 205.07±11.34abc 0.05 14.70±2.19bc 12.67±0.58a 14.67±0.58a 214.83±25.01abc 0.10 15.12±1.96bc 12.00±1.00a 14.00±1.00a 236.31±25.76ab -
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