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在自然界中,植物的资源在空间和时间上都是不断变化的,即生境异质性是普遍存在的[1-2].西南喀斯特地区,一方面,土层浅薄,保水能力差,岩石渗漏严重,水分亏缺成为该地区的重要特征[3].另一方面,该地区的土壤水分具有明显的时空变异性和派生性[4-6].干旱缺水和水分时空异质性严重影响该地区植物的生长、分布及繁殖,进而影响到植物群落的分布格局和稳定性,对植被演替的方向和速率产生重要影响[5, 7-8].因此,研究喀斯特地区植物对干旱及干旱条件下异质性水分生境的适应,对喀斯特地区的植被恢复和重建具有重要的理论和实践意义.
在长期的进化过程中,植物形成了一套特有的适应异质性环境的对策和机制[9-10].如在养分异质性生境中,植株将较多的根系分布在养分丰富的斑块中,即通过改变细根长度和表面积,改善根系的空间分布格局,提高总生物量生产来提高其适应性[11-13].尽管水分时空异质性普遍存在且具有重要作用,但目前研究通常只关注了克隆植物对水分空间异质性的响应[14-15],或者非克隆植物对水分时间异质性的影响[16-18],而对于非克隆植物在水分空间异质性尤其是在干旱条件下的空间异质性的响应研究极少.
复羽叶栾树(Koelreuteria bipinnata Franch.)为无患子科落叶乔木,生长迅速,树形高大,枝叶茂密,抗污染、抗病菌能力强,主要生长于石灰石风化产生的钙质土壤中,对石漠化地区典型的季节性水分亏缺环境具有很好的适应能力,在石漠化的植被恢复和重建中有极高的推广价值[19].本研究以复羽叶栾树幼苗为研究对象,通过不同土壤水分含量下水分资源的空间异质性和同质性处理,探索喀斯特地区的适生植物在干旱胁迫下对异质生境的生长和光合响应策略,以期为喀斯特地区的植被恢复提供理论依据.
Response of Growth and Photosynthesis of Koelreuteria bipinnata, an Adaptive Tree Species to Karst Regions, to the Heterogeneous Habitat Under Water Stress
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摘要: 干旱缺水和水分异质性是影响喀斯特地区植物生长、分布及繁殖的主要因素.采用盆栽控制实验,研究了喀斯特地区适生树种复羽叶栾树(Koelreuteria bipinnata Franch.)幼苗在两种水分条件(对照和轻度干旱)及两种生境下(同质和异质)的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Cs)、水分利用效率(WUE)及生物量积累和分配.结果表明:不管在对照还是干旱条件下,复羽叶栾树幼苗的净光合速率(Pn)和水分利用效率(WUE)在异质生境下均高于同质生境,但气孔导度(Cs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)在异质和同质生境下差异无统计学意义.复羽叶栾树幼苗的总生物量、地上生物量以及根系生物量在异质生境与同质生境中差异无统计学意义,但根生物量比在对照条件下对异质生境的响应显著低于同质生境,而在干旱时,对异质生境的响应则显著高于同质生境.可见,复羽叶栾树通过提高水分利用效率和降低对根系资源的投资来提高净光合速率以适应异质生境,但并未提高异质生境中植物生物量的积累.Abstract: Drought and water heterogeneity are very important factors influencing the growth, distribution and reproduction of plants in karst regions. A pot experiment was made, in which the seedlings of goldenrain tree (Koelreuteria bipinnata) were grown under two water conditions (well watering and moderate drought) and two kinds of habitats (homogeneous and heterogeneous), and their net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Cs), water use efficiency (WUE) and biomass accumulation and distribution were studied. The main results were as follows. Either under well watering or moderate drought conditions, net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and water use efficiency (WUE) of K. bipinnata seedlings were significantly higher in the heterogeneous habitat than in the homogeneous habitat. However, their stomatal conductance (Cs) and transpiration rate (Tr) were not affected by habitats. No significant difference existed between the two different habitats in total biomass, aboveground biomass and root biomass of the seedlings. Their root biomass ratio in the heterogeneous habitat was significantly lower than that in the homogeneous habitat under well watering condition; while under moderate drought condition, their root biomass ratio was significantly higher than that in the homogeneous habitat. It is concluded, therefore, that to adapt to the heterogeneous habitat under moderate drought, K. bipinnata seedlings improve their WUE and Pn at the cost of reducing the investment to root biomass.
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表 1 供试土壤理化性质(平均值±标准误)
田间持水量/% pH 有机质/% 全氮/
(g·kg-1)全磷/
(g·kg-1)全钾/
(g·kg-1)交换性钙/
(g·kg-1)镁/
(g·kg-1)35.10 7.57±0.19 0.2733±0.06 0.283±0.00 0.3420±0.05 18.9205±4.87 5.6393±1.69 4.8101±2.01 表 2 复羽叶栾树幼苗光合生理特征、生物量和根生物量比的双因素方差分析
净光合速率 气孔导度 蒸腾速率 水分利用效率 总生物量 地上生物量 根生物量 根生物量比 生境 26.167** 1.773 1.071 52.111** 0.435 0.421 0.286 10.851* 水分 13.349** 5.638* 14.775** 0.096 1.735 2.842 0.416 0.757 生境*水分 4.743 4.873 7.018* 0.071 2.123 2.415 0.428 3.948 注:*表示p<0.05,**表示p<0.01,差异有统计学意义. -
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