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油菜作为重要的油料作物,不仅是食用油与饲料蛋白的主要来源,同时在工业上的应用也非常广泛,因此亟需提高油菜产量,以满足日益增长的需求.在农业生产中,杂种优势因能显著提高作物产量和改善作物品质被广泛应用,其中细胞核雄性不育因具有不育性稳定彻底、无胞质效应等优点,现已成为提高水稻、玉米、油菜等作物产量的重要途径.前人研究表明,致使雄性不育的过程极其繁杂,其中涉及到雄蕊形态建成、花粉囊中各组织分化等多形式、多过程的基因调控,具体调控机理尚未明确.
显性细胞核雄性不育可根据基因发生突变位点及数量不同,将其分为单基因控制的显性核不育、一对复等位基因控制的显性核不育和双基因控制的显性核不育3种不育类型.对D3AB进行遗传分析和验证,认为其是由双基因控制的显性核不育类型.在植物的生命过程中,花粉和花药的发育至关重要,期间涉及多种基因互作[1-2].例如基因AMS[3]以及水稻(Oryza Sativa)中的同源基因TDR都参与绒毡层及小孢子的发育过程,TPD1[4],DYT1[5]及Ms1[6]都参与绒毡层及小孢子的分化.目前,油菜中已发现影响绒毡层细胞发育的相关基因.曾芳琴[7]报道的基因BnCYP704B1如果发生突变,会影响绒毡层细胞中脂类物质的分泌.夏秀云[8]研究的基因BnATA02如果发生突变,会导致绒毡层细胞异常肥大.杨莉芳等[9]综合前人的研究结果,将油菜不育类型分为花粉囊发育异常、减数分裂异常、胼胝质代谢异常、绒毡层发育异常、花粉壁发育异常及花药开裂异常6种类型.
本研究对显性核不育两型系材料D3AB通过体视镜观察花器官的形态特征,采用扫描电镜观察花药发育特点,最后通过石蜡切片观察,确定其发生败育的时期及特点.为深入研究D3A的不育机理奠定基础,同时为进一步推进油菜的杂种优势利用提供理论依据.
Cytological Studies of Dominant GMS Sterile Line D3A in Brassica napus L.
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摘要: 为明确甘蓝型油菜显性核不育两型系D3AB的花器官形态差异和不育材料D3A的花药败育时期与特点,并为进一步研究雄性不育机理奠定基础,分别对D3A与D3B不同时期的花蕾进行了形态学观察及细胞学研究.首先通过体视镜观察发现,D3A与D3B外观形态无明显差异,均能正常开花,且在雄蕊发育早期均表现正常,后期D3A雄蕊退化萎缩,花粉囊不能正常开裂;不育材料D3A子房柱头发育速度稍快于D3B.通过扫描电镜观察发现,D3A早期花药基部开始皱缩,表皮细胞排列紧密.随着花蕾发育,D3A花粉囊壁表皮细胞逐渐萎缩,最终塌陷且药室不能正常开裂释放花粉;D3B花粉囊始终呈现出紧致饱满状态,花药正常开裂,同时释放出大量成熟花粉粒.通过石蜡切片观察发现,不育材料D3A和可育材料D3B在花蕾发育早期,都能形成花粉母细胞,但与D3B相比,D3A花粉母细胞结构松散,且绒毡层已开始呈现液泡化状态;进入四分体时期,不育材料D3A的花粉囊中观察到高度液泡化的绒毡层细胞,且无四分体结构出现.实验结果表明:绒毡层细胞提前发生了降解而未向分泌型转化,使四分体时期丧失了发育过程中所必需的营养物质,从而不能形成小孢子并发育为成熟的花粉粒进行释放,因此认为D3A的败育属于绒毡层发育异常类型.Abstract: An experiment was made to detect the vital abortion periods and cytological characteristics of anther development in dominant GMS homozygous two-type line D3AB in Brassica napus L., so as to provide a theoretical basis for further study of the mechanism of male sterility. Stereoscopic examination showed that phenotypically, the flowers and floral development appeared normal in both D3A and D3B, but the development rate of the ovary stigmata of D3A was slightly greater than that of D3B. Meanwhile, the anthers gradually degenerated during the late development of flowers, which resulted in abnormal pollen release. The results of scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that the base anthers shrank and the epidermal cells were tightly arranged at the early development stages of anthers in D3A. However, with the development of flower buds, the pollen wall of D3A shrank obviously until loss of activity. Eventually the anthers of D3A could not normally crack and release pollen whereas the anthers in D3B normally cracked and released a large amount of mature pollen. Paraffin section analysis indicated that pollen mother cells were normally formed at the early flower stages in both D3A and D3B, but the structure of the pollen mother cells in D3A was loose, and a vacuole state began to appear in its tapetum. In the tetrad stage, highly vacuolized tapetum cells were detected in the pollen sacs of D3A, and no tetrad structures were noticed in it. The above-stated results indicated that the tapetum cells in the sterile line degraded prematurely and failed to be transformed to the secretory-type tapetum cells, and thus had no sufficient nutrients for their development at the tetrad stage and microspores were not formed to release pollen, thus leading to the sterility of D3A. In conclusion, the abortion of D3A may be the abnormal type of tapetum.
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Key words:
- dominant GMS /
- anther abortion /
- tapetum /
- cytological studies .
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