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忍冬属(Lonicera Linn.)植物多为灌木、小乔木,部分为藤本,常绿或落叶,约有180种,主要分布在北非、亚洲、欧洲和北美地区.中国有忍冬属植物57种,其中23种为中国特有种[1].在本属植物中,忍冬(L. japonica)是中药金银花的药源植物;灰毡毛忍冬(L. macranthoides)、菰腺忍冬(L. rhytidophylla)、华南忍冬(L. confusa)和黄褐毛忍冬(L. fulvotomentosa)是山银花的药源植物[2];同时还有许多具有优良观赏价值的种类,如贯月忍冬(L. sempervirens)和台尔曼忍冬(L. ×tellmaniana)等具有鲜艳的花色,且花期较长,可在园林绿化中广泛应用[3].
花色创新是花卉育种的重要内容[4],而色素分析和呈色机理研究是基础. Chavoanalikit等[5]和Renáta等[6]测定蓝靛果忍冬(L. caerulea var. kamtschatica)果实类黄酮,检测到6种花青素苷和2种黄酮醇;Jordheim等[7]在7种忍冬属植物的浆果中检测出3种花青苷;Yuan等[8]从红白忍冬(L. japonica var. chinensis)花蕾中检测到8种矢车菊素(Cyanidin)型花青苷;付林江等[9]测定了金银花(忍冬)花蕾与花朵中总黄酮、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素以及细胞液pH值,并分析了花色变化的原因;刘安成等[10]对5种忍冬属植物花朵中的花青苷成分进行了定性和定量分析,检测出4种花青苷.但对忍冬属植物的红色、黄色花朵的花色素组成和含量变化研究较少.本试验以忍冬属5种藤本植物为材料,研究其开花过程中的花色、色素组成及含量变化,探讨花色和色素组成在开花过程中的变化规律,为忍冬属植物花色育种及功能利用提供参考.
Changes of Floral Color and Pigment Content During Flowering in Several Species of Lonicera L.
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摘要: 以5种忍冬属藤本植物为试料,研究其开花过程中花色及其有关色素的变化.试验结果表明,在开花过程中,各个种的花色变化明显,花中有关色素的质量分数普遍发生明显的变化.忍冬花蕾初期叶绿素质量分数最高,随着花朵发育,叶绿素呈下降趋势;各个种之间类胡萝卜素的变化无明显规律;忍冬开花过程中在花朵中没有检测到花青苷,火焰忍冬、贯月忍冬和台尔曼忍冬花朵红色主要是花青苷类物质的成色作用;格雷姆忍冬的呈色主要为黄酮类物质的作用,忍冬和火焰忍冬随着花蕾发育到开花过程中总黄酮和黄酮醇呈下降趋势,贯月忍冬和台尔曼忍冬总黄酮和黄酮醇含量在开花过程中变化不明显.结果表明,供试的5种忍冬属植物花中各色素组分的相对质量分数影响花的呈色.Abstract: With 5 species of Lonicera Linn. as experiment materials, the changes in their floral color and pigment contents during the flowering stages were studied. The results showed that in the process of flowering, the changes in their floral color and pigment contents were obvious, and the mass fractions of the related pigments generally exhibited conspicuous changes. The mass fraction of chlorophyll in L. japonica was at the highest level at the initial budding stage, and decreased steadily with the process of flowering. No obvious regularity was observed in the changes in carotenoids among the species. No anthocyanins were detected during the flowering stage of L. japonica. The red pigments consisted mainly of anthocyanins in L.×heckrottii Rehd. 'Huoyan', L. sempervirens and L.×tellmanniana. Flavone and flavonol were found to be mainly responsible for the coloration in L. periclymenum L. 'Geleimu'. Total flavone and flavonol were in decline from budding to blooming in L. japonica and L.×heckrottii Rehd. 'Huoyan', and did not change significantly during flowering in L. sempervirens and L.×tellmanniana. In conclusion, the coloration of Lonicera flowers is conditioned by the relative mass fractions of various pigments in the 5 climbing honeysuckles.
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Key words:
- Lonicera /
- floral color /
- chlorophyll /
- carotenoid /
- flavonoid .
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表 1 不同忍冬在开花过程中的花色变化
品种 部位 花期 RHSCC L* a* b* C* h/0 火焰忍冬 花冠外侧 初蕾 59A 33.09±4.31a 4.06±4.39a 7.07±3.21bc 9.35±1.82a 1.06±0.57a 中蕾 61A 35.31±2.36a 14.75±4.95b 6.45±1.73a 16.10±4.36ab 0.41±0.19a 膨大 68A 46.52±4.86a 27.36±4.56c 3.63±1.73ab 27.60±4.43c 0.13±0.08a 初花 68B 55.22±3.99bc 18.37±7.88bc 9.48±3.48bc 20.67±5.50bc 0.48±0.31a 末花 68A 51.43±3.53c 20.70±6.99bc 12.50±2.58c 24.18±4.35c 0.54±0.26a 花冠内侧 初花 19B 70.08±0.84a -7.48±0.66a 31.99±1.03a 32.85±0.96a -1.34±0.02a 末花 13A 59.51±6.26b -3.62±2.19b 38.64±4.61b 38.81±4.17b -1.48±0.05b 格雷姆忍冬 花冠外侧 初蕾 142A 60.75±2.50a -22.04±1.96a 40.14±2.14a 45.80±1.95ab -1.07±0.05c 中蕾 145B 66.36±1.26b -13.57±6.01a 46.13±1.60b 48.08±2.99ab -1.28±0.11b 膨大 24A 71.70±4.14c -1.90±1.43cd 51.50±4.98c 51.54±4.98b -1.53±0.03a 初花 22A 70.23±3.25bc 2.08±1.48d 50.66±3.27c 50.70±3.21b 1.53±0.03d 末花 15A 67.28±2.17bc -4.55±1.52c 44.08±2.50ab 44.32±2.42a -1.47±0.04a 花冠内侧 初花 20A 68.63±1.26a -3.28±0.46a 62.92±3.18a 63.01±3.15a -1.52±0.01a 末花 13A 67.86±2.00a -1.91±4.24a 59.54±1.42a 59.58±1.33a -1.54±1.65a 贯月忍冬 花冠外侧 初蕾 178B 36.97±3.31a 23.62±4.60a 12.57±2.75a 26.76±4.47a 0.49±0.11b 中蕾 179A 40.32±4.08a 35.09±4.69b 13.95±4.44a 37.77±5.64b 0.38±0.09a 膨大 57A 48.41±2.79b 35.63±3.62b 22.98±1.73b 42.40±3.33b 0.57±0.05b 初花 32A 46.01±2.75b 37.36±5.44b 21.65±2.50b 43.18±5.34b 0.53±0.06b 末花 43A 39.43±2.41a 33.74±4.37a 15.92±1.38a 37.31±4.19b 0.44±0.05a 花冠内侧 初花 23A 63.88±0.81a 7.18±3.92a 44.14±2.39a 44.72±2.25a 1.41±0.09a 末花 33A 46.62±5.26b 24.07±7.61b 24.06±3.81b 34.03±6.00b 0.79±0.19b 忍冬 花冠外侧 初蕾 145A 43.30±3.37a -9.84±2.00a 21.01±1.95a 23.20±2.47b -1.13±0.05b 中蕾 145C 46.91±3.82a -10.16±3.54a 21.61±4.72a 23.88±5.55b -1.13±0.08b 膨大 145D 57.26±6.14b -1.80±0.79b 14.78±2.13a 14.89±2.20a -1.45±0.04a 初花 145D 77.08±1.98c -9.80±1.36a 23.58±3.52b 25.54±3.73b -1.18±0.02b 末花 11A 65.73±9.01d -3.93±2.96b 37.30±6.75c 37.51±6.80c -1.47±0.08a 台尔曼忍冬 花冠外侧 初蕾 144B 45.48±10.07a -2.64±4.66a 24.18±7.41a 24.32±7.63ab -1.46±1.25a 中蕾 171A 42.33±5.96a 7.07±3.50b 20.06±5.65a 21.27±5.53a 1.23±0.19b 膨大 169A 46.92±6.26a 24.62±4.82c 22.95±6.48a 33.66±2.00b 0.75±0.23b 初花 168A 43.25±4.43a 21.29±8.51c 16.97±1.80a 27.23±7.02ab 0.67±0.19b 末花 23A 44.20±2.37a 23.88±3.89c 18.61±2.70a 30.28±4.19ab 0.66±0.08b 花冠内侧 初花 170A 62.34±5.58a 1.26±2.09a 46.88±6.47a 46.90±6.43a 1.54±1.37a 末花 25A 55.35±8.01b 7.87±5.48b 40.34±6.44b 41.10±5.98b 1.38±0.15a 注:RHSCC表示皇家园艺比色卡比对值,L*表示明度,a*表示色相a*值,b*表示色相b*值,C*表示彩度,h/0表示色相角.同一部位数据后不同大写字母表示差异在1%水平有统计学意义,不同小写字母表示差异在5%水平有统计学意义. -
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