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近年来,风险承受力的概念在卫生、金融领域发挥着重要作用,其作为个人态度和行为的重要决定因素已经在行为科学研究中得到证实[1].风险承受力是反应一个人对承担风险态度的心理学概念[2]. Dohmen等[3]揭示了一般风险承受力与特定领域的风险行为有着强烈的关联,比如驾驶、金融、运动等. Lerche等[4]将风险承受力作为公司或决策者在不能接受预期损失时的边际价值.在旅游学中,风险承受力的研究多集中在特殊的旅游活动中;Cohen[5]认为在探险旅游、漂流旅游等情境下,旅游者对不确定性的承受力能够较好地预测旅游行为;Plog[6]在旅游者的风险偏好与目的地选择行为之间建立了联系,但并未直接测量风险承受力.旅游决策是在连续的信息、风险和不确定性下产生的[7],尤其在自然灾害、公共卫生事件和恐怖袭击等特殊情境下,风险承受力对旅游决策具有重要影响[1].
2019年末爆发的新冠肺炎疫情至今已经持续了4个多月的时间,截至北京时间2020年5月6日6时30分,疫情已经波及至全球100多个国家,累计造成372万人感染,对世界经济产生了巨大的冲击和影响,属于人类历史上罕见的重大公共卫生事件.武汉作为中国最早爆发疫情的城市,依托海内外的援鄂抗疫行动,已经逐渐走出疫情阴霾,获得阶段性的抗疫胜利.在此次疫情期间,多首抗疫音乐视频应景应情而生,其广泛传播引起了极大的社会共情.其中,呈现有武汉地方意象的音乐视频《武汉伢》创造了极高的网络点击率,增加了大众对武汉的感知和了解,并激发了疫情后“相约武汉”的出游意愿.根据Bruce等[8]的研究,重大危机之后人的出游意愿更多基于对安全需求的考量和风险承受力的评估.尽管在部分旅游研究中探讨和应用了行为经济学中风险承受力的概念[8-10],但实证研究依然匮乏[1].在重大疫情下,潜在旅游者风险承受力对出游意愿的作用机制,仍有待进一步研究补充.
本研究选取了具有代表性的抗疫音乐视频《武汉伢》作为研究素材,以其所传播的地方意象为前因变量,熟悉度为调节变量,力图揭示潜在旅游者风险承受力对出游意愿的作用机制,以期在未来发生类似危机的情境下,让理论更好地指导实践,引导潜在旅游者正视重大疫情带来的风险,帮助和引导旅游目的地快速走出阴霾,恢复产业活力.
The Mechanism of Effect of Potential Tourists' Risk Tolerance on Travel Intention Under Major Epidemic Situation —Based on the Antecedent Effect of Place Image in Music Video and the Moderating Effect of Familiarity
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摘要: 以新冠肺炎疫情为背景,研究了重大疫情下潜在旅游者风险承受力对出游意愿的作用机制,并分析了音乐视频中地方意象的前因影响和熟悉度的调节作用.通过对945份有效问卷的数据进行结构方程模型分析,结果表明:①重大疫情下基于抗疫音乐视频的情感意象对潜在旅游者风险承受力具有正向作用,风险承受力对出游意愿具有正向作用,风险承受力在情感意象与出游意愿之间具有部分中介作用;②重大疫情下基于抗疫音乐视频的认知意象对情感意象具有正向作用,情感意象在认知意象与风险承受力之间具有完全中介作用;③重大疫情下潜在旅游者熟悉度在风险承受力与出游意愿之间具有调节作用.该研究将风险承受力引入重大疫情这一特殊情境中,探讨了潜在旅游者风险承受力对出游意愿的影响,拓展了旅游者决策的理论机制,并为旅游目的地危机管理提供了对策.Abstract: Under the background of the novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic, the mechanism of effect of potential tourists' risk tolerance on their travel intention is studied in this paper, and the antecedent effect of place image in music video and the moderating effect of familiarity are discussed. An analysis of the data of 945 valid questionnaires with SEM (structural equation model) indicate that affective image based on anti-epidemic music video has a positive effect on potential tourists' risk tolerance, the risk tolerance has a positive effect on potential tourists' travel intention, and potential tourists' risk tolerance has a partial mediating effect between affective image and travel intention; that cognitive image formed by potential tourists based on anti-epidemic music video has a positive effect on affective image, and affective image has a full mediating effect between cognitive image and risk tolerance; and that familiarity plays the role of moderating variable between potential tourists' risk tolerance and travel intention. In conclusion, this study introduces risk tolerance into the major epidemic situation and explores the impact of potential tourists' risk tolerance on travel intention, thus expanding the theoretical mechanism of tourist decision-making and providing countermeasures for crisis management of tourist destinations.
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Key words:
- novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic /
- music video /
- place image /
- risk tolerance /
- travel intention /
- crisis management .
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表 1 样本人口统计学特征表
维度 频数 百分比/% 年龄 18岁以下 44 4.66 18~25岁 246 26.03 26~30岁 309 32.70 31~40岁 223 23.60 41~50岁 105 11.11 51~60岁 16 1.69 >60岁 2 0.21 学历 高中及以下 71 7.51 大专 240 25.40 本科 376 39.79 硕士及以上 258 27.30 性别 男 450 47.62 女 495 52.38 月均收入 2千以下 213 22.54 2千~5千以下 241 25.50 5千~1万以下 298 31.53 1万~2万以下 151 15.98 2万及以上 42 4.44 到访武汉经历 没有 497 52.59 旅游1~3次 291 30.79 旅游4次及以上 69 7.30 有常住经历 88 9.31 表 2 探索性因子分析结果
潜变量 编号 题项 因子
载荷特征根 累积解释
方差/%认知意象 Cog2 MV让我了解到疫情下武汉的市民生活 0.879 3.751 20.841 Cog3 MV让我了解到疫情下武汉的城市面貌 0.751 Cog5 MV让我了解到疫情下武汉的街头景象 0.690 情感意象 Aff5 MV让我感到武汉是充满爱的 0.830 2.471 34.569 Aff6 MV让我感到武汉是充满力量的 0.826 Aff8 MV唤起了我对武汉的喜爱 0.831 风险承受力 RT1 疫情后,对于去武汉旅游,任何风险都不会让我犹豫 0.907 3.644 54.814 RT2 疫情后,即使面临不确定性,也不会影响我去武汉旅游的决定 0.910 RT3 疫情后,对于去武汉旅游,没有任何担忧会让我产生纠结 0.905 RT4 疫情后,如果去武汉旅游遇到了一些危险,我也不会感到后悔 0.862 熟悉度 Fam1 我有多次到访武汉的经历 0.903 2.542 68.934 Fam3 我能说出很多武汉的景点 0.850 Fam5 我和亲友/同事在武汉有很多美好的回忆 0.878 出游意愿 Int1 疫情后,我想要去武汉旅游 0.850 2.377 82.140 Int2 疫情后,我会经常和亲朋好友推荐/谈及去武汉旅游 0.802 Int3 疫情后,如有旅游计划,我会优先选择去武汉 0.815 表 3 模型适配度指标
指标 CMIN/DF GFI AGFI RMSEA SRMR CFI IFI TLI 建议标准 <3 >0.9 >0.9 <0.08 <0.05 >0.9 >0.9 >0.9 模型指标 2.504 0.977 0.965 0.040 0.047 0.991 0.991 0.989 表 4 验证性因子分析结果
潜变量 题项 参数显著性估计 题目信度 组合信度
CR平均提取方差
AVEuStd. S.E. Est./S.E. p Std. SMC 认知意象 Cog2 1 0.766 0.587 0.842 0.640 Cog3 0.933 0.041 22.873 *** 0.832 0.692 Cog5 0.860 0.038 22.548 *** 0.801 0.642 情感意象 Aff5 1 0.938 0.880 0.929 0.813 Aff6 0.978 0.020 47.731 *** 0.932 0.869 Aff8 0.908 0.024 37.423 *** 0.831 0.691 风险承受力 RT1 1 0.922 0.850 0.953 0.836 RT2 1.011 0.019 52.757 *** 0.938 0.880 RT3 1.008 0.020 51.552 *** 0.932 0.869 RT4 0.977 0.024 41.276 *** 0.864 0.746 熟悉度 Fam1 1 0.894 0.799 0.890 0.730 Fam3 0.787 0.027 29.001 *** 0.788 0.620 Fam5 0.965 0.030 32.604 *** 0.877 0.770 出游意愿 Int1 1 0.817 0.667 0.909 0.768 Int2 1.009 0.029 35.156 *** 0.889 0.790 Int3 1.027 0.029 35.714 *** 0.921 0.848 注:***表示p<0.001水平具有统计学意义. 表 5 区分效度检验表
认知意象 情感意象 风险承受力 熟悉度 出游意愿 认知意象 0.800 情感意象 0.739*** 0.902 风险承受力 0.161*** 0.257*** 0.914 熟悉度 -0.028 0.026 0.345*** 0.854 出游意愿 0.222*** 0.306*** 0.616*** 0.493*** 0.876 注:对角线粗体字为各潜变量平均提取方差的平方根,下三角为各潜变量之间的相关系数;***表示p<0.001水平具有统计学意义. 表 6 假设检验表
假设 路径 uStd S.E. C.R. p 检验结果 H1 认知意象→情感意象 0.809 0.039 20.965 *** 接受 H2 认知意象→风险承受力 -0.080 0.076 -1.060 0.289 拒绝 H3 情感意象→风险承受力 0.366 0.067 5.500 *** 接受 H5 风险承受力→出游意愿 0.578 0.030 19.112 *** 接受 注:***表示p<0.001水平具有统计学意义. 表 7 中介效应检验表
假设 路径 作用效应 uStd. S.E. C.R. p 97.5% BootCI 中介
作用LLCI ULCI H4 认知意象→风险承受力 直接效应 -0.082 0.076 -1.079 / -0.258 0.073 完全中介 情感意象 间接效应 0.292 0.059 4.949 *** 0.180 0.441 H6 情感意象→出游意愿 直接效应 0.151 0.059 2.559 *** 0.020 0.288 部分中介 风险承受力 间接效应 0.195 0.036 5.417 *** 0.125 0.282 注:***表示p<0.001水平具有统计学意义. 表 8 调节效应检验表
假设 路径 uStd. Std. S.E. C.R. p Label H7 风险承受力→出游意愿 0.445 0.479 0.030 15.005 *** x 熟悉度→出游意愿 0.241 0.312 0.025 9.694 *** m 交互项→出游意愿 0.051 0.100 0.014 3.721 *** xm 注:***表示p<0.001水平具有统计学意义. -
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