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自新冠肺炎疫情爆发以来,世界旅游业受到了极大的冲击.尤其是中国武汉,作为此次新冠肺炎疫情的重灾区,从2020年1月23日宣布封城到4月8日解封,两个多月的疫情阻击战让旅游活动被迫中断,旅游周边产业更是损失惨重.根据2020年4月30日武汉市统计局发布的数据,受疫情影响,武汉市2020年一季度第三产业增加值下降37.7%,服务业生产大面积停滞,住宿业和餐饮业等增加值分别下降39.8%和56.5%.在经历了几近断崖式的下跌后,武汉市旅游业如何通过深入人心的营销活动改变潜在旅游者的态度,激发出游行为,助力产业全面复苏,成为现阶段的核心议题.
疫情期间,媒体平台上涌现出大量的抗疫音乐视频,在传递武汉抗疫正能量的同时,也让关心武汉的公众从侧面重新认识了“英雄武汉”的美丽风光.音乐视频通过听觉和视觉等多感官的形象塑造方式向外界传播了独具特色的武汉形象,传递了积极向上的武汉精神,引发了强烈的社会关注和响应,也为疫情背景下旅游目的地营销提供了新的视角.在疫情背景下,是否可以通过多感官的营销方式促进潜在旅游者理解地方意象、形成地方依恋、产生行为意愿,助推疫情后旅游业的恢复发展,有待进一步实证研究.
地方意象是人对地方所持有的信仰、印象和想法的集合[1-2],地方意象对人的态度与行为影响已得到环境心理学、地理学和营销学等多学科的验证[3].地方意象一般包括认知意象与情感意象两个维度[4],认知意象即人对目的地的信仰、属性和了解程度的集合[5];情感意象即人对目的地的感觉与情感联结[6].对于未曾到访的地方,潜在旅游者持有的地方意象依赖于他们所接触的社会网络,来源于对地方历史文化的了解,通过好友推荐、书籍报纸、网络新闻和音乐视频等方式获取目的地信息,形成个人印象.潜在旅游者能否转化为现实游客,地方意象是一个重要的影响因素[7].
地方依恋是个体表现出与特定地方相亲近的情感倾向[8],是人与地方相互作用产生的情感联系[9].一般认为,地方依恋由地方依靠和地方认同两个维度构成[10],地方依靠是人与地方之间的一种功能性依恋,地方认同是人与地方之间的一种情感依附[11].文献研究表明,地方意象与地方依恋都属于态度范畴,具有认知与情感成分,并影响决策行为[12].在旅游学中,行为意愿是一个人主观判断其未来产生旅游行为的倾向[13],是旅游者参与某种旅游活动的意愿[12].在疫情这一特殊背景下,地方意象、地方依恋与行为意愿之间的关系值得进一步探究.
总之,地方意象是客观目的地在旅游者主观世界中的反映,通过“人与地”之间双向互动形成[14];地方依恋是人与特定地方之间的情感联结,是“人对地”的单向情感反映[14];行为意图是主观判断“人与地”互动行为产生的意愿.疫情背景下,潜在旅游者在观看抗疫音乐视频时,视频中所呈现的地方意象能否促进地方情感产生,触发行为意愿,需要进一步的理论解释和实证检验.
Impact of Anti-epidemic Music Video's Place Image on Potential Tourists' Place Attachment and Behavioral Intention
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摘要: 以新冠肺炎疫情为背景,以感官营销理论为指导,构建了抗疫音乐视频中的地方意象对地方依恋和行为意愿的关系模型,并进行实证检验.结果表明:①抗疫音乐视频中的认知意象和情感意象对潜在旅游者地方依靠和地方认同存在显著的正向影响;②抗疫音乐视频中的认知意象和情感意象对潜在旅游者行为意愿存在显著的正向影响,潜在旅游者地方依靠和地方认同对其行为意愿存在显著的正向影响;③潜在旅游者地方依靠和地方认同在抗疫音乐视频中的认知意象和情感意象与潜在旅游者行为意愿之间具有部分中介作用.探讨了抗疫音乐视频中的地方意象对潜在旅游者地方依恋与行为意愿的作用机制,拓展了旅游者决策的理论内容,丰富了音乐视频在旅游研究中的应用,并提出了相应的旅游目的地营销管理对策.Abstract: Under the background of the novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic, with the guidance of sensory marketing theory, the study constructs a relationship model of place image in anti-epidemic music video, place attachment and behavioral intention by conducting an empirical research. Results indicate that the cognitive image and the affective image in anti-epidemic music video have significant positive effects on the potential tourists' place dependence and place identity; that the cognitive image and the affective image in anti-epidemic music video have significant positive effects on the potential tourists' behavioral intention, and the potential tourists' place dependence and place identity have significant positive effects on their behavioral intention; and that potential tourists' place dependence and place identity have a partial mediating effect between the cognitive image and the affective image in anti-epidemic music video and the potential tourists' behavioral intention. This study explores the impact mechanism of place image in anti-epidemic music video on potential tourists' place attachment and behavioral intention and proposes a marketing management strategy of tourism destination. It is believed that it expands the theory of tourist decision-making and enriches the application of music video in tourism research.
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Key words:
- novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic /
- music video /
- place image /
- place attachment /
- behavioral intention .
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表 1 描述性统计和因子分析
潜变量 题项 均值M 信度 效度 Cronbach's α CR 因子载荷 AVE 街头景象 5.72 0.695 认知意象 地理环境 5.33 0.850 0.813 5 0.820 0.593 7 地域特色 5.47 0.791 充满爱 5.67 0.894 情感意象 充满力量 5.71 0.936 0.916 8 0.911 0.786 2 整体印象很好 5.71 0.854 无旅游景点可比 3.22 0.927 地方依靠 旅游风光更陶醉 3.35 0.965 0.953 8 0.943 0.873 0 旅游体验更好 3.36 0.933 了解自我 3.63 0.833 地方认同 其中一份子 3.59 0.919 0.895 4 0.886 0.740 6 情感联系 3.64 0.862 想去旅游 4.07 0.809 行为意愿 推荐他人 3.61 0.908 0.882 5 0.858 0.714 7 优先选择 3.50 0.868 表 2 主要变量的相关性与区分效度分析
主要变量 认知意象 情感意象 地方依靠 地方认同 行为意愿 认知意象 0.771 情感意象 0.663** 0.887 地方依靠 0.233** 0.292** 0.934 地方认同 0.236** 0.300** 0.769** 0.861 行为意愿 0.224** 0.275** 0.728** 0.711** 0.845 注:对角线上的加粗数字为AVE的平方根;**表示p<0.01水平下具有统计学意义,*表示p<0.05水平下具有统计学意义. 表 3 直接效应验证结果
自变量 模型1 模型2 模型3 假设检验 因变量:地方依靠 因变量:地方认同 因变量:行为意愿 β SE T β SE T β SE T 常量 4.907*** 0.314 15.612 5.222*** 0.315 16.600 4.408*** 0.318 13.878 / 性别 -0.273* 0.108 -2.521 -0.334** 0.108 -3.083 -0.216* 0.109 -1.971 / 年龄 0.046 0.060 0.763 -0.006 0.060 -0.107 -0.069 0.060 -1.148 / 学历 -0.364*** 0.072 -5.088 -0.331*** 0.072 -4.619 -0.077 0.072 -1.060 / 收入 -0.049 0.052 -0.929 -0.015 0.053 0.294 0.051 0.053 0.959 / 认知意象 0.315*** 0.045 7.038 0.324*** 0.045 7.250 0.323*** 0.045 7.137 H1a/H1b/H2a 情感意象 0.367*** 0.041 9.034 0.384*** 0.041 9.477 0.367*** 0.041 8.922 H1c/H1d/H2b 地方依靠 - - - 0.763*** 0.021 36.143 0.742*** 0.022 33.193 H3a 地方认同 - - - - - - 0.721** 0.023 31.263 H3b R2=0.037,p=0.000 R2=0.031,p=0.000 R2=0.006,p=0.213 / 注:*表示0.05水平下具有统计学意义,**表示0.01水平下具有统计学意义,***表示0.001水平下具有统计学意义. “-”表示不存在,“/”表示未统计. 表 4 地方依恋为中介的bootstrapping分析结果
效应 假设路径 系数 SE T P 95% BootCI LLCI ULCI 总效应 X1 on Y 0.315 0.049 6.402 0.000 0.218 0.412 直接效应 H4a:X1 on Y 0.081 0.034 2.362 0.018 0.014 0.147 间接效应 H4a:X1→M1→Y 0.235 0.035 - - 0.165 0.302 直接效应 H4b:X1 on Y 0.084 0.035 2.432 0.015 0.016 0.151 间接效应 H4b:X1→M2→Y 0.231 0.034 - - 0.163 0.294 总效应 X2 on Y 0.354 0.042 8.419 0.000 0.271 0.436 直接效应 H4c:X2 on Y 0.087 0.029 2.985 0.003 0.030 0.144 间接效应 H4c:X2→M1→Y 0.267 0.030 - - 0.211 0.328 直接效应 H4d:X2 on Y 0.086 0.029 3.024 0.003 0.030 0.142 间接效应 H4d:X2→M2→Y 0.268 0.030 - - 0.213 0.330 注:N=945. β为回归系数. X1和X2分别为认知意象和情感意象,M1和M2分别为地方依靠和地方认同,Y为行为意向. “-”表示不存在. -
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