-
多年来, 四川省成都市一直是“中国十大休闲城市”榜单中常客, 近年来成都女性积极走入社会, 参与环保、文化、政治、教育和女性权益等社会工作, 她们给整个西部地区带来了正能量.但到目前为止, 国内有关女性休闲活动偏好的研究相当贫乏, 仅赖国毅[1]对都市老人的休闲偏好与休闲制约进行过一般性探讨.近年来国外有关女性休闲活动的研究日益受到重视[2-5], 但研究多数仍局限于女性休闲活动及其社会经济背景的关系, 很少探讨女性的社会角色及休闲活动偏好、类型与阻碍间的关系.由于“休闲”一词定义本身相当复杂, 目前没有统一的权威说法, 故在探讨性别与休闲时, 必须从历史、文化、政治权力和社会控制等多视角进行分析.而休闲对个人或团体的意义在于透过休闲活动以获得生活满足, 休闲的意义受价值观、效益、机会、阻碍及生活型态的相互作用与影响[6-8].
综合国内外相关研究文献, 笔者发现从休闲阻碍的观点探讨女性不能从事休闲活动的原因、不同年龄层或不同社会角色的女性对休闲活动的偏好及某一特定社会环境下女性休闲特质等, 目前在国内几乎是空白.休闲生活质量不仅反映一个社会的经济发展水平及文化繁荣程度, 亦象征休闲活动者对时间与空间的支配权力.基于此, 本研究选取成都市作为西部地区代表, 针对该市女性居民的休闲状况提出如下研究问题:问题1:成都市女性休闲活动偏好特征如何?是什么原因阻碍她们参与休闲活动的意愿?问题2:成都市女性的社会角色是否与休闲活动偏好及休闲阻碍有关?三者之间呈何种关系?
Association Research on Leisure Activity Preferences, Type and Restraint Factors of Urban Women Residents——Taking Chengdu as an Example
-
摘要: 为探讨都市女性居民的休闲活动偏好、类型及休闲阻碍与其社会背景因素间的关系,揭示女性生命周期中,社会经济背景因素对其休闲活动偏好的影响及不同休闲类型的女性她们所承受的休闲阻碍差异,在大量文献阅读及多轮专家咨询基础上,构建出都市女性居民休闲活动偏好及阻碍因素调查卷,以成都市年满20岁以上的女性为对象,运用探索性因子分析及K-Mean快速样本聚类法对问卷调查所获得资料进行统计处理.研究发现:①休闲活动偏好集中体现在户外性、知识性、生活性、娱乐性、社交性、艺术性、休息性、竞赛性、亲子性、室内性及运动性等10个方面,以此为依据而获得女性休闲5类型,即自我学习型、—般型、家庭型、社交型消费型;②休闲活动类型与其生命周期及社会成就(敎育程度、职业、每日工作时间)高度相关,其中女性年龄、最小孩子年龄及家庭类型对其休闲选择的影响具有很好一致性;③休闲阻碍主要集中在6个方面,即时间、场地设施、同伴、内在、交通及经济,其中缺乏时间、缺乏设施及缺乏同伴是都市女性的主要休闲障碍,而休闲活动偏好类型与女性内在阻碍、场地设施及同伴阻碍高度相关.研究认为,都市女性休闲活动偏好及类型受其生命周期及社会成就的影响与制约,相关部门应加大场地设施建设布局,提供降低家庭阻碍的相应政策与措施,以促进女性有效从事休闲运动.Abstract: To investigate the relationship between leisure activity preferences, type, leisure restricts and their social background, and to reveal the effects of social background factor on leisure activity preferences and difference of several leisure types in urban women. Based on a lot of literature review and several rounds expert advice, the authors constructed urban women residents' leisure activity preferences and restrict survey questionnaire on women over 20 years old in Chengdu. The data was analyzed using exploratory factor analysis and K-Mean fast clustering method. It has been found that 1) women leisure activity preferences embodied in the 10 areas such as outdoors, knowledge, life, fun, sociability, artistic, leisure, race, parent-child relationship, and indoor sports, etc. urban women in western China, whereby leisure were divided into five categories, namely, self-learning, general type, family type, and the social consumption type; 2) the western urban women leisure activity type of its life-cycle and social achievements(education level, occupation, daily working time) were highly correlated, and women age, the least children age, and family type on leisure choice had better consistency; 3) the western urban women leisure restricts focused on six areas, namely, time, venue facilities, companion, internal, traffic and economic factors, and the lack of time, facilities, and companions were the main restricts to urban women leisure, leisure activity preferences and the type of women inherent restricts, were highly correlated with venues and facilities, and companion restricts. It is concluded that the life cycle, social achievements, and constraints affected the women's leisure activity preference and type, relevant authorities should intensify the construction of venues and facilities layout, and provide reduced family restricts the appropriate policies and measures, and promote women to engage effectively in leisure sports.
-
Key words:
- leisure activity preferences /
- leisure restraint /
- life cycle .
-
表 1 休闲活动选择偏好公因子提取表
项目 特征根 贡献率 累进贡献率 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 A1 8.871 20.83 20.83 0.741 A2 3.146 7.39 28.22 0.723 A3 2.907 6.83 35.05 0.702 A4 2.145 5.04 40.09 0.644 A5 1.977 4.64 44.73 0.683 A6 1.364 3.20 47.93 0.645 A7 1.312 3.08 51.01 0.622 A8 1.264 2.97 53.98 0.598 A9 1.206 2.83 56.81 0.782 A10 1.187 2.79 59.60 0.692 A11 0.984 2.31 61.91 0.614 A12 0.947 2.22 64.13 0.673 A13 0.912 2.14 66.27 0.624 A14 0.900 2.11 68.38 0.607 A15 0.887 2.08 70.46 0.716 A16 0.814 1.91 72.37 0.704 A17 0.805 1.89 74.26 0.681 A18 0.789 1.85 76.11 0.654 A19 0.775 1.82 77.93 0.603 A20 0.745 1.75 79.68 0.640 A21 0.727 1.71 81.39 0.627 A22 0.712 1.67 83.06 0.613 A23 0.687 1.61 84.67 0.784 A24 0.664 1.56 86.23 0.745 A25 0.625 1.47 87.70 0.712 A26 0.587 1.38 89.08 0.691 A27 0.541 1.27 90.35 0.567 A28 0.514 1.21 91.56 0.554 A29 0.485 1.14 92.70 0.854 A30 0.444 1.04 93.74 0.748 A31 0.425 1.00 94.74 0.694 A32 0.412 0.97 95.71 0.665 A33 0.405 0.95 96.66 0.587 注: A1:划船、滑草及溜冰; A2:骑马、钓鱼及游泳; A3:打网球及高尔夫; A4:掷飞盘及放风筝; A5:上图书馆看书; A6:欣赏戏剧及音乐; A7:学习各类才艺; A8:茶楼品茶; A9:逛街或逛超市; A10:逛夜市; A11:朋友聚会; A12:去酒吧或夜总会; A13:去歌舞厅; A14:看电影; A15:社团活动; A16:宗教活动; A17:社会服务活动; A18:美容健体; A19:政治活动; A20:书法及绘画; A21:雕塑与陶瓷; A22:摄影; A23:登山、健行及郊游; A24:露营及烧烤; A25:散步及慢跑; A26:观赏球类赛事; A27:参加健身术; A28:参与其它体育赛事; A29:参与小孩相关的活动; A30:陪小孩去游戏场; A31:去保龄球馆; A32:去羽毛球馆; A33:去健身操房; A34:种花修剪盆景; A35:遛狗及养庞物; A36:按摩与洗脚; A37:看展览. 表 2 女性社会经济背景与其休闲类型间关联分析
类别 学习休闲型
N=135一般休闲型
N=385家庭休闲型
N=337社交休闲型
N=163消费休闲型
N=214汇总
N=1 234检验
x2, p成年 20~30/岁 84(62.2%) 151(39.2%) 116(34.4%) 31(19.0%) 123(57.5%) 505(40.9%) x2=160.05; 31~40/岁 33(24.4%) 102(26.5%) 145(43.0%) 35(21.5%) 42(19.6%) 357(28.9%) p=0.000** 41~50/岁 12(8.9%) 78(20.3%) 45(13.4%) 57(35.0%) 34(15.9%) 226(18.3%) >50/岁 6(4.4%) 54(14.0%) 31(9.2%) 40(24.5%) 15(7.0%) 146(11.8%) 未成年 没有小孩 51(37.8%) 84(21.8%) 29(8.6%) 14(8.6%) 76(35.5%) 254(20.6%) x2=130.81 1~6/岁 25(18.5%) 86(22.3%) 211(62.6%) 17(10.4%) 30(14.0%) 369(29.9%) p=0.000** 7~12/岁 21(15.6%) 69(17.9%) 45(13.4%) 19(11.7%) 39(18.4%) 193(15.6%) 13~16/岁 15(11.1%) 74(19.2%) 15(4.5%) 28(17.2%) 43(20.1%) 175(14.2%) >17/岁 23(17.0%) 72(18.7%) 37(11.0%) 85(52.1%) 26(12.1%) 243(19.7%) 婚姻状况 单身 54(40.0%) 81(21.0%) 28(8.3%) 17(10.4%) 70(32.7%) 250(20.3%) x2=498.96 单亲家庭 10(7.4%) 60(15.6%) 108(32.0%) 5(3.1%) 25(11.7%) 208(16.9%) p=0.000** 结婚无子 41(30.4%) 99(25.7% 31(9.2%) 25(15.3%) 66(30.8%) 262(21.2%) 结婚有子 17(12.6%) 48(12.5%) 143(42.4%) 11(6.7%) 22(10.3%) 241(19.5%) 离婚 13(9.6%) 97(25.2%) 27(8.0%) 105(64.4%) 31(14.5%) 273(22.1%) 教育水平 小学及以下 6(4.5%) 12(3.1%) 8(2.4%) 10(6.1%) 20(9.3%) 56(4.5%) x2=291.85 中学含中专 52(38.5%) 307(79.7%) 188(55.8%) 109(66.7%) 133(61.2%) 789(63.9%) p=0.000 大专及本科 29(21.5%) 42(10.9%) 106(31.5%) 32(19.6%) 36(16.8%) 245(19.9%) 硕士及以上 48(35.6%) 24(6.2%) 35(10.4%) 12(7.4%) 25(11.7%) 144(11.7%) 职业 教师公务员系列 24(17.8%) 135(35.1%) 131(38.9%) 35(21.5%) 43(20.1%) 368(29.8%) x2=268.63 经商系列 23(17.0) 79(20.5%) 76(22.6%) 24(14.7%) 87(40.7%) 289(23.4%) p=0.000** 农林渔牧业 21(15.6%) 45(11.7%) 43(12.8%) 12(7.4%) 20(9.3%) 141(11.4%) 自由职业及学生 56(41.5%) 82(21.3%) 48(14.2%) 13(8.0%) 53(24.8%) 252(20.4%) 退休或家庭主妇 11(8.1%) 44(11.4%) 39(11.6%) 79(48.5%) 11(5.1%) 184(14.9%) 工作时间 4 h/天 66(48.9%) 169(43.9%) 97(28.8%) 48(29.4%) 24(11.2%) 404(32.7%) x2=117.82 5~8 h/天 33(24.4%) 103(26.8%) 124(36.8%) 64(39.3%) 134(62.6%) 458(37.1%) p=0.000** 9~12 h/天 26(19.3%) 88(22.9%) 92(27.3%) 37(22.7%) 43(20.1%) 286(23.2%) >13 h/天 10(7.4%) 25(6.5%) 24(7.1%) 14(8.6%) 13(6.1%) 86(7.0%) 表 3 休闲阻碍公因子提取表
休闲阻碍变量 特征根 贡献率% 累进贡献率% G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 B1 8.52 19.39 19.39 0.81 B2 6.44 14.66 34.05 0.79 B3 4.80 10.93 44.98 0.72 B4 3.33 7.58 52.56 0.68 B5 3.11 7.08 59.64 0.59 B6 2.87 6.53 66.17 0.54 B7 0.85 1.93 67.10 0.83 B8 0.82 1.87 68.97 0.81 B9 0.80 1.82 70.79 0.76 B10 0.75 1.71 72.50 0.75 B11 0.72 1.64 74.14 0.66 B12 0.70 1.59 75.73 0.61 B13 0.68 1.55 77.28 0.78 B14 0.65 1.48 78.76 0.74 B15 0.62 1.41 80.17 0.71 B16 0.60 1.37 81.54 0.68 B17 0.58 1.32 82.86 0.55 B18 0.55 1.25 84.11 0.81 B19 0.52 1.18 85.29 0.69 B20 0.50 1.14 86.43 0.64 B21 0.48 1.09 87.52 0.61 B22 0.46 1.05 88.57 0.58 B23 0.44 1.00 89.57 0.84 B24 0.42 0.96 90.53 0.80 B25 0.40 0.91 91.44 0.77 B26 0.38 0.87 92.31 0.74 B27 0.37 0.84 93.15 0.70 B28 0.35 0.80 93.95 0.62 B29 0.32 0.73 94.68 0.60 B30 0.31 0.71 95.39 0.57 B31 0.30 0.68 96.07 0.55 注: B1:我没有时间参与休闲活动技能培训; B2:我家务繁忙没时间参与休闲活动; B3:我工作繁忙没时间参与休闲活动; B4:下班后需要照顾小孩影响休闲活动; B5:家中有老人需照看影响休闲活动; B6:社会工作太多影响休闲活动; B7:公共休闲运动场所的空气不好; B8:公共休闲运动场所的设施不足; B9:公共运动场所噪音太大; B10:公共休闲运动场所设施破旧; B11:休闲场所需自备运动器材才能运动; B12:公共休闲运动场地使用者太多; B13:我朋友不鼓励支持我参与休闲活动; B14:我的爱人不喜欢也不支持我运动; B15:与好友时间不配合影响我参与运动; B16:同伴不投入影响参与休闲活动; B17:没有志趣相同的人陪伴参与休闲活动; B18:我不喜欢和陌生人一起做运动; B19:我曾遭遇运动上的挫折; B20:我体能不佳不适合休闲运动; B21:我的运动技巧太差怕被人取笑; B22:我害怕休闲运动会造成伤害; B23:场地设施距离居住地太远; B24:休闲场所周边无停车; B25:前往运动地点的交通不方便; B26:休闲地周边交通太堵常耽搁健身时间; B27:受经济制约没有钱购买休闲运动服装; B28:受经济制约没有钱购买健身器材; B29:部分休闲场所收费太高家庭无法承受; B30:家庭人口多且没有稳定的收入来源; B31:家中器材老旧没钱更新; B32:休闲场所缺少指导影响健身效果; B33:休闲场所没有适合自己的运动项目; B34:每天下班很晚了没机会参与休闲; B35:休闲信息不畅通影响对它的认知; B36:对休闲效益不明唤不起自己的兴趣. 表 4 不同休闲类型其休闲阻碍差异特征统计表
类型 时间阻碍 场地设施 同伴阻碍 内在阻碍 交通阻碍 经济阻碍 自我学习型a 3.89±1.58 3.65±1.56 3.58±1.23 2.73±1.36 2.84±1.27 2.65±1.11 一般型b 3.66±1.51 3.21±1.33 3.07±1.18 3.06±1.05 2.81±1.17 2.54±1.24 家庭型c 3.71±1.06 3.78±1.27 3.02±1.24 3.09±1.44 2.95±1.16 2.71±1.02 社交型d 3.62±1.23 3.11±1.34 3.06±1.49 2.84±1.39 2.81±1.21 2.61±1.27 消费型e 3.59±1.19 3.08±1.41 3.71±1.16 2.79±1.22 2.79±1.28 2.58±1.33 平均值 3.69±1.31 3.37±1.42 3.28±1.19 3.13±1.08 2.84±1.25 2.62±1.32 S-N-K比较 F=0.51
p=0.37F=8.51
p=0.046*F=15.51
p=0.028*F=27.26
p=0.001**F=0.51
p=0.02F=0.51
p=0.02a, c>b, d, e a>b, c, d, e b, c>d, e>a 注: *表示p<0.05; **表示p<0.01; ***表示p<0.001. -
[1] 赖国毅.都市老人的休闲偏好与休闲制约研究[J].四川教育学院学报, 2011, 27(10):50-55. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5757.2011.10.050 [2] TSAUR S H, YEN C H.Work-Leisure Conflict and Its Consequences:Do Generational Differences Matter?[J].Tourism Management, 2018, 69:121-131. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2018.05.011 [3] LEUNG L.Using Tablet in Solitude for Stress Reduction:An Examination of Desire for Aloneness, Leisure Boredom, Tablet Activities, and Location of Use[J].Computers in Human Behavior, 2015, 48:382-391. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.068 [4] LIN Y S, HUANG W S, YANG C T, et al.Work-Leisure Conflict and Its Associations with Well-Being:The Roles of Social Support, Leisure Participation and Job Burnout[J].Tourism Management, 2014, 45:244-252. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.04.004 [5] ROOTH D O.Work out or out of Work-the Labor Market Return to Physical Fitness and Leisure Sports Activities[J].Labour Economics, 2011, 18(3):399-409. doi: 10.1016/j.labeco.2010.11.006 [6] ZHANG W, FENG Q S, LACANIENTA J, et al.Leisure Participation and Subjective Well-Being:Exploring Gender Differences among Elderly in Shanghai, China[J].Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2017, 69:45-54. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2016.11.010 [7] 张蕾.运动休闲特色小镇:概念、类型与发展路径.[J].体育科学, 2018, 38(1):18-26. doi: http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/tywhdk201808021 [8] 朱诗荟.性别视角下城市居民休闲行为的潜在类别分析——基于CGSS2006的实证分析[J].北京第二外国语学院学报, 2014, 36(5):65-72. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6539.2014.05.009 [9] SAJIN N B, DAHLAN A, IBRAHIM S A S.Quality of Life and Leisure Participation Amongst Malay Older People in the Institution[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2016, 234:83-89. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.10.222 [10] LONGO E, BADIA M, BEGOÑA ORGAZ M, et al.Comparing Parent and Child Reports of Health-Related Quality of Life and Their Relationship with Leisure Participation in Children and Adolescents with Cerebral Palsy[J].Research in Developmental Disabilities, 2017, 71:214-222. doi: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.09.020 [11] ERATAY E, AYDOGAN Y.Study of the Relationship between Leisure Time Activities and Assertiveness Levels of Students of Abant Izzet Baysal University[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2015, 191:2213-2218. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.532 [12] AGYAR E.Life Satisfaction, Perceived Freedom in Leisure and Self-Esteem:The Case of Physical Education and Sport Students[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013, 93:2186-2193. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.185 [13] CHANG J, RYAN C, TSAI C T, et al.The Taiwanese Love Motel-An Escape from Leisure Constraints?[J].International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2012, 31(1):169-179. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.02.004 [14] 张朋, 冯媛媛.论休闲、休闲参与及休闲阻碍[J].军事体育学报, 2013, 32(4):93-96. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-1300.2013.04.026 [15] 郑怡清, 朱立新.上海市民休闲行为研究[J].旅游科学, 2006, 20(2):60-64. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-575X.2006.02.012 [16] REES S E, MANGI S C, HATTAM C, et al.The Socio-Economic Effects of a Marine Protected Area on the Ecosystem Service of Leisure and Recreation[J].Marine Policy, 2015, 62:144-152. doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2015.09.011 [17] GAUDRON J P, VAUTIER S.Analyzing Individual Differences in Vocational, Leisure, and Family Interests:A Multitrait-Multimethod Approach[J].Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2007, 70(3):561-573. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2007.01.004 [18] doi: http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=972d9c394b05938e7d75fddfbeddaa77 SHIH I F, LIEW Z, KRAUSE N, et al.Lifetime Occupational and Leisure Time Physical Activity and Risk of Parkinson's Disease[J].Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 2016, 28:112-117. [19] 李良明, 唐宁潇.家庭生命周期不同家庭休闲体育参与的动机因素和阻碍因素分析[J].四川体育科学, 2017, 36(1):113-115, 148. doi: http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/sctykx201701024 [20] 卢锋, 张馥郁.运动性休闲:回归人类本性需求的休闲方式[J].武汉体育学院学报, 2010, 44(2):81-83, 92. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-520X.2010.02.017 [21] 魏烨.老年人参与群体性休闲运动的动机、群体气氛与运动效益的相关性[J].中国老年学杂志, 2014, 34(20):5899-5900. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-9202.2014.20.142 [22] KUO T Y, TANG H L.Relationships Among Personality Traits, Facebook Usages, and Leisure Activities-A Case of Taiwanese College Students[J].Computers in Human Behavior, 2014, 31:13-19. doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.019 [23] XU C X, ZHU H H, FANG L, et al.Gender Disparity in the Associations of Overweight/obesity with Occupational Activity, Transport To/from Work, Leisure-Time Physical Activity, and Leisure-Time Spent Sitting in Working Adults:A Cross-Sectional Study[J].Journal of Epidemiology, 2017, 27(9):401-407. doi: 10.1016/j.je.2016.08.019 [24] LUPU E, CECILIA G, ELENA S, et al.Education Regarding Addictions and the Impact of Leisure Time Physical Activities Upon the Control of the Addictive Behaviour[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014, 159:283-287. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.373
计量
- 文章访问数: 977
- HTML全文浏览数: 730
- PDF下载数: 61
- 施引文献: 0