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乡镇作为基层国家行政机构,“上联国家、下接乡村社会”,具有社会管理、经济发展、公共服务和基层建设等职能。乡镇治理现代化不仅直接关系到党的路线、方针、政策在农村的贯彻实施,也攸关党和政府与广大群众的血肉联系。我国西部地区疆域辽阔,民族众多,资源丰富,战略地位重要,涵盖12个省市自治区,土地面积681万平方公里,占全国总面积的71%;人口约3.5亿,占全国总人口的28%,聚集全国贫困人口的80%。在全国3.4万多个乡镇中,西部有15 923个,占全国的39.4%[1]。因此,实现西部乡镇治理现代化,是缩小其与发达地区的差距,完成国家治理现代化战略的关键环节。
The Local Logic in the Order of Profit Division in Township:Based on the Investigation of Y County in Western China
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摘要: 基层政府的共谋行为已逐步演化为制度化的非正式行为,乡镇政府通过参与分利秩序的构建来应对上级政府的压力型体制,由此导致基层政权的乡土实践偏离国家制度文本的惠农初衷。西部Y县的乡土经验表明:分利秩序根植于基层政权内卷化、乡村人口空心化和农民利益边缘化等交织的复杂生态,是促成分利联盟透过制度异化实现利益均衡的隐性规则。分利秩序不仅割断国家供给与农民诉求,还弱化基层政权的合法性与权威性。要打破这种非理性的资源配置规则,一方面必须对乡镇放权赋能,平衡其权力责任关系;另一方面还要将农民组织化,让农民成为乡镇治理的重要力量,以实现西部乡镇的合作治理。Abstract: The cooperation among the grass-roots governments has gradually evolved into an informal institutional behavior. The township government participates in the construction of the order of profit division to cope with the pressure-type system from governments of higher levels. This leads the local practice of the grass-roots political authority to deviate from intention of the national policy text for benefiting the farmers. The experience of Y County shows that the order of profit division is rooted in the complex ecology of the involution of the grass-roots authority, the hollowing rural population and the marginalized farmers' interests, etc. The order of profit division is a recessive rule that realizes the balance between different interest groups through system alienation and profit alliance. The order of profit division not only cuts off the state supply and the farmers' demands, but also weakens the legitimacy and authority of the grass-roots government. To break this irrational resource allocation rules, on the one hand, more powers should be delegated to the township government to balance the relations between its power and responsibility. On the other hand, farmers should be organized so as to turn them into an important force in the township governance so as to realize the cooperative governance of township in Western China.
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