-
教师培育是一个职前培养、入职教育和职后培训一体化的过程。从教师专业发展的视角来看,教师的专业能力主要形成于职后。上海师范大学的一项调研结果显示,中学优秀教师的7种主要教学能力中,形成于职后的比例达到65.31%[1]。所谓教师职后培育机制,是指为提升教师职后培育的成效而在教师职后培育过程中所实施的相应制度、措施与手段[2]。从当前主流观点来看,教师培育机制主要包括激励机制、制约机制、保障机制等。
从20世纪30年代开始,美国就开始着手探讨适合本国国情的中小学教师职后培育机制,可以说在这方面已经积累了非常丰富的经验。当前,随着我国教育事业的蓬勃发展,教师社会地位日益提高,教师专业发展问题也日益受到重视。从“教师专业化”“教师专业发展”“教师专业性”等话语体系出发去理解教师职业、考察教师工作已成为具有全局性的理论范式[3],而教师专业发展水平的提升直接受制于各种相应的机制。
美国的“城市教师驻校计划”与我国的“国培计划”都是针对教师职后培育所实施的改革项目,二者在短期内都有效提升了教师的专业素养,产生了较好的社会效果,但也暴露出了一些问题。借鉴美国在教师职后培育中的既有经验,将有利于我国更好地解决教师职后教育中存在的一些实际问题,进一步完善我国教师职后培育机制,帮助教师更好更快地成长。
Comparison of post-employment training mechanisms between teachersinChinaand America——The Case of"National Training Plan"and"Urban Teacher Residency Model"
-
摘要: 我国教师职后培育目前广泛实施的“国培计划”与美国“城市教师驻校计划”既有相同之处,也存在明显区别。相同之处在于:两国都为计划顺利和有效施行提供了良好的资金保障和制度保障,并建立了行之有效的激励机制。但两国国情不同,使二者在机制运行方式、参训教师选拔方式、培训内容选择、教师职后培育监督主体和评价主体等方面也存在差异。借鉴美国实施“城市教师驻校计划”的成功经验,未来我国教师职后培育可着力于完善“G-U-S”协同培育机制、健全教师职后培育激励机制、创新教师职后培育监督机制、改进教师职后培育评价机制,以进一步提升我国教师职后培育实效,帮助教师实现更好更快的发展。Abstract: This paper introduces the "National Training Program" in China and the "Urban Teacher Resident Program" in the United States, and both of them are widely used in the post-teacher cultivation. By comparing the two, the similarities are found. Both countries provide capital and system guarantee for the smooth and effective implementation of the plan, and establish incentive mechanism for participating teachers. However, the differences in national conditions lead to a distinct distinction between the two modes of operation in the mechanism, the selection methods and training content of the participating teachers, the supervisory body and the evaluation subject of the teacher's post-employment training. Drawing on the experience of the United States, China should improve the "G-U-S" collaborative cultivation mechanism, improve the incentive mechanism for teachers to cultivate after-service, reform the supervision mechanism for teachers' post-employment training, and improve the evaluation mechanism for teachers' post-employment evaluation, so as to further promote the implementation of teachers' post-employment training and help teachers receive a better and faster development.
-
[1] 王邦佐.中学优秀教师的成长与高师教改之探索[M].北京:人民教育出版社, 2001:95. [2] 张翅, 徐红, 龙玉涵.成效·局限·改革:我国教师职后培育机制管见[J].湖北科技学院学报, 2019(3):104-108, 144. [3] 叶澜.一个真实的假问题——"师范性"与"学术性"之争的辨析[J].高等师范教育研究, 1999(2):10-16. [4] 谢东晴.美国"城市教师驻校计划"与中国"硕师计划"的比较研究[J].教育与教学研究, 2016(11):50-57. [5] BERRY B, MONTGOMERY D, RACHEL C, et al. Creating and sustaining urban teacher residencies: a new way to recruit, prepare, and retain effective teacher in high-needs districts [EB/OL]. (2008-03-20)[2019-09-17].https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED502406.pdf. [6] 葛军.试谈"国培计划"专项资金的管理[J].现代经济信息, 2014(6):74, 80. [7] 柴葳.开启全面建设高素质专业化创新型教师队伍新征程[N].光明日报, 2020-09-08(1). [8] UTRU. Over view of urban teacher[EB/OL]. (2015-05-12)[2019-08-20].http://www.utrunited.org/EE_assets/docs/UTRU_Overviewfinal. [9] United States Department of Education. Our future, our teachers [EB/OL].(2011-10-15)[2019-08-25].http://www.ed.gov/sites/default/files/our-future-our-teachers. [10] SOLOMON J. The Boston teacher residency: district-based teacher education [J]. Journal of Teacher Education, 2009, 60(5):478-488. doi: 10.1177/0022487109349915 [11] BRENDA L. Education school need more on-the-Job training: or so teaching-residency advocates say[EB/OL].(2011-01-05)[2019-09-11].http://www.newvisions.org/node/737. [12] "国培计划"蓝皮书(2010-2019)摘要[EB/OL].(2020-09-04)[2020-10-4].http://www.moe.gov.cn/fbh/live/2020/52439/sfcl/202009/t20200904_485104.html. [13] UTRU quality standards for teacher residency programs [EB/OL].(2009-02-05)[2019-09-17].http://www.utrunited.org/EE_assets/docs/2010_UTRU_Revised_Standards_and_Indicators. [14] STACEY C, GEOFEOFFF M, SARA S. Boston teacher residency: developing a strategy for long-term impact [EB/OL]. (2008-09-06)[2019-09-15].https://www.library.hbs.edu/Services/HBS-Case-Requests. [15] 韩雪军.美国城市教师驻校模式中的本土文化学习及其启示[J].民族教育研究, 2019(1):127-133. [16] 赵凯, 褚峤.美国支持农村发展财政政策法案的演进及其启示[J].经济研究导刊, 2015(15):276-277. [17] PAPAY J P, WEST M R, FULLERTON J B, et al. Does an urban teacher residency increase student achievement? early evidence from Boston[J].educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 2012, 34(4):413-434. doi: 10.3102/0162373712454328 [18] Barack Obama and Joe Biden's plan for lifetime success through education[EB/OL].(2009-09-15)[2019-9-11].http://www.doc88.com/p-747824966463.html. [19] 李瑾瑜, 王建."国培计划"对我国教师培训的创新性贡献[J].教师发展研究, 2017(2):1-9. [20] 王岩.中美薄弱地区教师补充政策比较研究——以"特岗计划"和"教师驻校计划"为例[J].中小学教师培训, 2013(4):61-64. [21] 张耀庭.教师专业发展视域下中小学教师职后培训现状与策略研究[J].青岛职业技术学院学报, 2018(3):42-46. [22] 田洁.美国城市教师驻校计划及其对我国职前教师培养的启示[J].基础教育研究, 2016(23):83-85, 88. [23] 徐今雅, 刘玉.美国第三种教师培养模式研究——以波士顿驻校教师计划为例[J].教师教育研究, 2011(6):67-71. [24] 王建."国培计划"绩效评估制度:特点、问题及完善策略[J].当代继续教育, 2016(5):41-45. [25] GARDINER W. Coaches' and new urban teachers' perceptions of induction coaching: time, trust, and accelerated learning curves[J]. The Teacher Educator, 2012, 47(3):195-215 doi: 10.1080/08878730.2012.685797 [26] 教育部办公厅、财政部办公厅关于做好2013年"国培计划"实施工作的通知[EB/OL].(2013-04-09)[2019-09-13].http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A10/s7034/201304/t20130411_150803.html. [27] GUHA R. HYLER M E. DARLING-HAMMOND L. The teacher residency: a practical path to recruitment and retention[J]. American Educator, 2017, 41(1):31-36. [28] 陶青, 卢俊勇."城市教师驻校模式":美国教师教育改革的新方向[J].外国中小学教育, 2011(3):16-20, 65. [29] 刘鹏.教育第三方评价机制建设的困境及优化[J].教学与管理(理论版), 2017(10):109-112. [30] 王向华."国培计划"实施绩效的影响因素及其提升策略[J].教育测量与评价, 2019(3):19-23.
计量
- 文章访问数: 561
- HTML全文浏览数: 561
- PDF下载数: 19
- 施引文献: 0