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长期以来,学生认知因素的培养是基础教育研究者关注的热点. 而随着基础教育质量评估范式的转型和教育质量观的嬗变,目前,国际上对中学人才培养质量的关注不再局限于认知因素,而转向于学生学习获得感、学习过程[1-2]. 学生学习投入作为与中学生学习收获、学习过程直接相关的关键因素,正日益成为国际教育研究者关注的焦点[3-4]. 在数学学习上,研究表明学生学习投入得越多,不仅可以收获更好的学业成绩,也可以促进其身心健康的发展[5]. 近年来,大量的实证研究也都表明数学学习投入对中学生学业成就、课堂表现、学习能力、个人发展等都有积极的影响[6-7]. 不过调查发现,中学生数学学习投入水平在持续地呈下降趋势[8]. 因此,系统探索中学生数学学习投入的影响因素,理清相关变量与数学学习投入间的相互作用,对于提升中学人才培养质量和数学教学质量具有重要的教育价值.
数学学习投入是指学生在数学学习活动过程中表现出对学习的一种持续的、充满积极情感的状态,主要包括数学认知、行为和情感投入等3个维度[9]. 这些维度既相互影响,又相互独立. 已有研究表明数学学习投入不仅受先赋性因素如性别和家庭环境等的影响[10],也受到教育性因素如学习经验、课堂环境、学习兴趣、师生互动、同伴合作、学习机会等的影响[5, 11-13]. 近年来,众多研究发现除先赋性因素和教育性因素外,学生个性心理方面也是学习投入的主要影响因素. 在个性心理特征方面,研究者普遍认为学习动机是学习投入的基础,也是学生学习行为的重要前提[14]. 已有研究发现学习动机是影响学习投入的重要预测变量,不同类型的学习动机对学习投入有着不同的影响[15-16]. 在Deci和Ryan的自我决定动机理论框架中,研究者依据行为产生的不同目标和原因,将学生的动机分为内在动机、外在动机和无动机等3种类型,其中最为基础的是内在动机和外在动机[17]. 研究发现相较于外在动机,内在动机驱动的数学学习行为更加持久、表现更好,更有助于激发学生进行积极的、有策略的和高质量的学习活动,同时也能够培养学生的创新能力[18].
对于学习动机与学习投入的关系,研究者普遍重视学习投入与内在动机的关系研究. 内在动机是指个体为了满足个人兴趣、发展能力、好奇心、自尊等自我内发性精神需要所引发的一种伴有积极情绪体验的行为倾向[19]. 研究表明,内在动机是学生进行学习行为与取得学业成就的动力源泉,是学习投入的积极预测因素[17]. 若学生保持高水平的内部动机进行学习任务时,会在一定程度上表现出更高的投入水平和更好的表现. 近年来,研究发现内在动机对不同类型的学习投入有着不同的影响,可以被认为是认知、行为和情感投入的重要推动力量. 受内在动机激励的学生,他们在面对学习困难时会更加坚持、乐观和自信,也愿意花费更多的时间参与学习活动,最终通过吸收、分析、整合和理解学习内容提升自身认知策略,进而保持较高水平的认知、行为和情感投入[16, 20]. 多项实证研究也证明,内在动机不仅可以正向预测学习过程中的认知投入、行为投入和情感投入,还可以通过对学习投入的作用间接地影响学生的学业表现[15-16, 21].
另一方面,学习投入也是学生内在动机获得的重要影响变量. 研究发现当学生积极付出更多的努力和投入而能够取得较好的学习结果时,他们的内在学习动机会得到进一步的提升. 此外,实证研究也都表明学习投入对学生内在动机的发展具有显著的正向促进作用[22]. 近年来,开始有研究者从学习投入的不同维度出发,探讨不同类型的投入对内在动机的影响和预测作用[16, 18]. 研究发现,情感投入的学生会对课堂任务更感兴趣和好奇,进而激发学生对获取知识的渴望,提升自身学习的内在动机水平. 行为投入的学生会积极参与学习活动,并会在活动的过程中发展其个人兴趣和能力,提升个人内在动机水平. 认知投入的学生更注重对学习内容的理解,表现出强烈的好奇心和求知心态,会在一定程度上促进内在动机的发展. 此外,行为和情感投入也可以预测下一时间点的内在动机水平.
综上所述,虽然先前很多研究探讨了内在动机与认知、行为和情感投入的关系,但是仍存在一些局限. 首先,以往研究主要关注非学科背景下两者的关系,还鲜有研究在数学背景下对内在动机与认知、行为和情感投入的关系进行探讨;其次,以往研究主要是横断研究,对二者的关系研究大多是单向预测,缺乏对两者相互预测关系的研究. 基于此,本研究采用纵向数据和交叉滞后模型设计,探讨中学生内在动机与数学认知、行为和情感投入的相互预测关系,并作出如下初步假设:①中学生的内在动机可以显著正向预测其数学认知、行为和情感投入;②中学生的数学认知、行为和情感投入可以显著正向预测其内在动机.
The Relationship Between Mathematics Learning Engagement and Intrinsic Motivation of Middle School Students: A Longitudinal Study
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摘要: 为探讨中学生数学学习投入与内在动机间的相互预测关系, 采用问卷法对365名中学生进行为期一年半共3次的追踪研究. 结果表明: ① T1~T3时间点, 内在动机与数学认知、行为和情感投入水平呈下降趋势, 且T1时间点的数学情感投入水平显著高于T2和T3时间点的数学情感投入水平, T1时间点的数学认知投入水平显著高于T3时间点的数学认知水平. ② T1~T3时间段, 内在动机与数学情感、认知和行为投入均存在显著正相关, 但内在动机与数学情感投入的相关性强于内在动机与数学认知和行为投入的相关性. ③ T1~T3时间段, 前一时间点的内在动机显著正向预测随后时间点的数学认知和行为投入, 而仅在T2~T3时间段显著正向预测数学情感投入, 且T2时间点的内在动机对T3时间点的数学行为投入的正向预测强度强于T1时间点的内在动机对T2时间点的数学行为投入的正向预测强度. ④ T1~T3时间点, 前一时间点的数学行为和情感投入显著正向预测个体在后一个测量时间点的内在动机, 而数学认知投入不能预测随后时间点的内在动机, 同时随着时间的推移, 数学行为和情感投入对内在动机的预测强度在减弱.Abstract: In order to explore the mutual relationship between mathematics learning engagement and intrinsic motivation of secondary school student, a questionnaire survey with mathematics learning engagement scale and intrinsic motivation scale was conducted for 3 times to track secondary school students. The results of cross-lagged analysis showed that: ① At T1~T3, intrinsic motivation and mathematical cognitive, behavioural and emotional engagement showed a downward trend. The level of mathematical emotional engagement at T1 was significantly higher than that at T2 and T3. The level ofmathematical cognitive engagementatT1 was significantly higher than that at T3. ② From T1~T3, there was a significant positive correlation between intrinsic motivation and mathematical emotional, cognitive and behavioral engagement. The correlation between intrinsic motivation and mathematical emotional engagement was greater than the correlation between intrinsic motivation and mathematical cognitive, and behavioral engagement. ③ In theT1~T3 period, intrinsic motivation at previous time point significantly predicted the mathematical cognitive and behavioral engagement at subsequent time point, while the mathematical emotional engagement was significantly positively predicted in the T2~T3 period. The positive prediction intensity of intrinsic motivation in T2 on mathematical behavioural engagement in T3 was greater than the positive prediction intensity of the intrinsic motivationin T1 on the mathematical behavioural engagement in T2. ④ At T1~T3, the mathematical behavioural and emotional engagement of the previous time point significantly positively predicted the intrinsic motivation of the individual at the latter measurement time point, while the mathematical cognitive engagement cannot predict the intrinsic motivation at subsequent time point. At the same time, the prediction intensity of the mathematical behavioural and emotional engagement on the intrinsic motivation weaken over time.
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表 1 数学认知投入、行为投入、情感投入和内在动机的描述性统计
T1 T2 T3 M SD M SD M SD 认知投入 3.25 0.72 3.17 0.74 3.12 0.66 行为投入 3.96 0.70 3.95 0.72 3.93 0.71 情感投入 3.78 0.82 3.75 0.86 3.51 0.66 内在动机 4.01 0.68 3.96 0.71 3.94 0.71 表 2 数学认知投入、行为投入、情感投入和内在动机的相关分析
内在动机T1 内在动机T2 内在动机T3 认知投入T1 0.362*** 0.242*** 0.246*** 认知投入T2 0.309*** 0.491*** 0.370*** 认知投入T3 0.191*** 0.376*** 0.477*** 行为投入T1 0.514*** 0.331*** 0.263*** 行为投入T2 0.276*** 0.529*** 0.402*** 行为投入T3 0.266*** 0.472*** 0.586*** 情感投入T1 0.624*** 0.453*** 0.423*** 情感投入T2 0.388*** 0.695*** 0.490*** 情感投入T3 0.212*** 0.386*** 0.577*** 注:*** p<0.001;** p<0.01;* p<0.05. -
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