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随着全球教育变革的不断推进,教师需要应对来自学校内部和外部的不同压力,教师工作负担过重已经成为多国教育领域需要共同面对的问题。英国是发达国家中较早关注教师工作负担的国家,在过去的30多年,持续开展了教师工作量调查。近10年的调查研究结果显示,英国教师负担过重的原因主要在于教师承担了过多的非必要工作任务,且无法在规定的时间内完成这些具有强制性的、重复繁琐的任务。对此,英国教育部出台了一系列政策和措施对教师工作负担问题开展专项治理,其核心目的在于减少教师的非必要工作,确保教学的中心地位。
与英国教师相比,我国教师同样面临着事务性工作过多、教学任务超负荷等问题,同时,我国的教育环境也决定学生家长将更多的期望寄托于学校教育,这无形中增加了教师的工作压力和教育责任。时任教育部部长陈宝生曾在2018年召开的全国教育大会上强调,要“精准把握教师减负的内涵。从内外部环境、教师素质等方面找出负担的具体内容,明确教师减负的目标和要求”[1]。在我国教师减负过程中,对于“如何减少教师的事务性工作,确保其有充足的时间用于教学”这一核心问题,或可通过对英国教师工作负担治理实践路径的研究,寻找可供借鉴的经验。
Exploration and Enlightenment of Teachers' Workload Governance in the UK
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摘要: 教师非教学工作量的增加, 既影响教师对教学和学生发展等最重要工作的时间和精力投入, 也对教师的身心健康构成伤害。面对教师工作负担不断加重的情况, 英国自20世纪90年代起开始开展教师工作量专项调查, 并对教师工作负担过重问题进行治理。其遵循内外并举的治理逻辑, 依据政策文件, 联合多方主体, 治理内容聚焦教师专业发展。在具体实施过程中, 英国教育部成立了三个独立审核小组, 围绕数据管理、规划与资源、学生评分等内容开展专项调查。调查报告提交教育部, 并作为进一步行动的依据。此外, 多元治理主体还重点围绕信息技术、实际案例和职业发展规划等关键内容提供建议和策略。目前, 英国教师工作负担治理已取得较为明显的成效。借鉴其经验, 我国可尝试减少对教师不必要的考核, 巩固教师的教学中心地位, 建立教师减负的系统化机制, 多措并举, 实现教师减负工作的有序和有效实施。Abstract: The increase of teachers' non-teaching workload affects teachers' time investment in teaching and improving students' learning experience, and also affects teachers' physical and mental health. In facing such problems, the Department for Education in the UK has carried out regular investigation and research since the 1990s to manage teachers' workload. So far, it has formed a more comprehensive governance strategy. This work is based on the internal and external integration logic, forms a governance system, covers multiple subjects, and focuses on teachers' professional development. In the specific process, three independent review groups have been set up to investigate the biggest issues-data management, planning and resources, and student marking. The report was submitted to the Ministry of Education and served as a basis for further action. In addition, multiple governance subjects provided practical strategies and suggestions jointly with various subjects, focusing on online resource sharing, network technology, teacher career planning and other fields. At present, the effect of governance strategy is obvious, which has certain enlightenment and reference for the work of reducing teacher workload in China. We can try some strategies: reducing unnecessary assessment contents, consolidating teachers' teaching central position, and establishing a systematic mechanism for teachers' burden reduction, in order to realize teachers' burden reduction gradually.
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Key words:
- teachers' workload /
- non-teaching work /
- workload /
- teachers' burden alleviation /
- governance .
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