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早在20世纪70年代,美国的环境政策就出现了改革的趋向——偏好市场调控模式的环境政策。其中,治理空气污染的“泡泡政策”颇为典型。在该政策出台前和初步实施期间,各方围绕其是否合理合法展开了激烈的辩论,最终其合法地位得以确认。这体现了美国社会传统主流价值观的深刻影响,同时与当时的经济形势也有很大程度的关联,这也预示着美国环境政策的发展趋向。
The U.S. Market-oriented Environmental Policy Reform Attempt inthe 1980s——The Promulgation of "Bubble Policy" and the Confirmation of its Legal Status
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摘要: 20世纪70年代末,美国联邦环保署颁行了一项环境政策改革措施——“泡泡政策”。在该政策出台前后,各相关方围绕如何界定“固定污染源”及该政策是否能够有效改善空气质量,“泡泡政策”合法与否等问题展开激烈辩论,最终,联邦最高法院判定其合法。“泡泡政策”合法性得以确认,主要因为:“泡泡政策”契合美国社会传统的主流价值观;“泡泡政策”是基于20世纪70年代美国环境政策的局限提出来的;“泡泡政策”适应了20世纪80年代美国经济发展的现实需要;是各相关行为体积极推动的结果。以“泡泡政策”为代表的市场调控模式的环境政策是一种改革尝试,代表着美国环境政策的发展趋向。Abstract: In the late 1970s, theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency implemented a market-based environmental policy——"Bubble Policy". Before and after the policy was introduced, a variety of environmental political parties had an intense debate on the definition of "stationary sources", its possibility of improving air quality effectively and the legality of it. And finally, the Supreme Court confirmed its legal status. The reasons mainly include the following: "Bubble Policy" agrees with the traditional mainstream values of America; "Bubble Policy" is proposed based on the limitation of EPAs environmental policies in the 1970s; "Bubble Policy" has adapted to the actual requirements of American economic development in the 1980s; it is also a result of many related parties' active promotion. Market-oriented environmental policy represented by "Bubble Policy" is not only an attempt to reform environmental policies, but also represents the evolutionary trend of American environmental policy.
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