A Study of the Species of Buckwheat Aphids and Their Fluctuation Patterns in Guizhou Province

Xiao-na ZHANG; Piao ZHOU; Bin LI; Hong-you LI; Jiao DENG; Zi-ye MENG; Juan HUANG; Tao-xiong SHI; Kai-feng HUANG; Qing-fu CHEN

doi:10.13718/j.cnki.xdzk.2019.01.005

2019 Volume 41 Issue 1

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Xiao-na ZHANG, Piao ZHOU, Bin LI, et al. A Study of the Species of Buckwheat Aphids and Their Fluctuation Patterns in Guizhou Province[J]. Journal of Southwest University Natural Science Edition, 2019, 41(1): 32-38. doi: 10.13718/j.cnki.xdzk.2019.01.005

Citation:

Xiao-na ZHANG, Piao ZHOU, Bin LI, et al. A Study of the Species of Buckwheat Aphids and Their Fluctuation Patterns in Guizhou Province[J]. Journal of Southwest University Natural Science Edition, 2019, 41(1): 32-38. doi: 10.13718/j.cnki.xdzk.2019.01.005

A Study of the Species of Buckwheat Aphids and Their Fluctuation Patterns in Guizhou Province

Research Center of Buckwheat Industry Technology/Research Center of Buckwheat Engineering and Technology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China

More Information

Received Date: 24/11/2017
Available Online: 20/01/2019
MSC: S435.122⁺2

Abstract

In order to accumulate a certain amount of data for monitoring and forecasting buckwheat aphid incidence so as to improve buckwheat yield in Guizhou, an investigation was made of the species of buckwheat aphids and their fluctuation patterns at six locations of four main buckwheat-producing areas of the province in 2016-2017. The results showed that three aphid species attacked the buckwheat crop, i.e.Aphis gossypii Glover, Myzus persicae Sulzer and A. craccivora Koch, the dominant pest being M, persicae. The fluctuation patterns of M, persicae were directly related to the variety and developmental phase of the buckwheat crop and to the altitude. The aphids caused the most serious harm to Fagopyrum esculentum, followed in order by F. tataricum, F. tataricum, F. tatari-cymosum and F. megaspartanium. The population quantity increased with the growth of buckwheat, reached its maximum at the flowering period, and declined thereafter and dropped to the lowest at harvest. The population quantity varied with altitude:the higher the altitude, the less the number of this pest, and vice versa.
- aphid,
- Myzus persicae Sulzer,
- quantity,
- species,
- fluctuation pattern

References

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荞麦(buckwheat)属于蓼科(Polygonaceae)荞麦属(Fagopyrum)，是典型的粮药兼用养生保健作物^[1]，其籽粒、叶片、根茎、果壳等可加工制成糕点、茶叶、饮料、饲料等营养食品；所含的生物黄酮、芦丁、手性肌醇、植物甾醇等具有改善血液循环、降低血糖、抑制体内胆固醇吸收等药用价值；其生育期短、适应性强、耐贫瘠等特点常作为救灾的先锋作物；甜荞花期长、开花多、蜜腺发达等特点常作为养蜂业重要的蜜源作物^[2-5].在现代农业生产中，荞麦在发展地方特色农业和区域经济中占有重要的地位.

近年来，随着荞麦产品多元化、种植面积扩大、轮作减少、连作增加及化学农药频繁使用等，为蚜虫的发生提供了有利条件，发生面积呈扩大趋势，危害日趋严重，且由于部分生产种植区缺乏蚜虫普查基础资料，生产上对蚜虫种类不明确，常把混合发生的多种蚜虫视为同种类来防治，因此常常达不到预期防治的效果.

蚜虫俗称腻虫或者蜜虫，属于昆虫纲(Insecta)，半翅目(Hemiptera)，胸喙亚目(Stemorhyncha)，包括球蚜总科(Adelgoidea)和蚜总科(Aphidoidea)，是世界性经济害虫，危害寄主4 700余种，危害程度随着寄主、环境不同而有所差异^[6].

笔者于2016年-2017年期间对贵州省荞麦主要种植区的4个地区6个地点进行品种调查，采用5点取样调查法对蚜虫种类、数量、发生规律及危害程度等进行研究，以期为荞麦蚜虫发生的监测预警工作积累一定的资料，同时为蚜虫防治的关键时期提出参考标准.

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 田间调查

2016-2017年在贵州省选择遵义市河闪渡村2个海拔的位置，分别是A(海拔1 219 m，东经107°52′，北纬27°33′)和B(海拔627 m，东经107°51′，北纬27°31′)；六盘水市木柯村(海拔2 268 m，东经104°69′，北纬26°56′)；毕节市威宁雄鹰村(海拔2 360 m，东经104°53′，北纬26°87′)；贵阳市百宜镇(海拔1 345 m，东经106°53′，北纬26°52′)；贵阳市贵州师范大学种植室(海拔946 m，东经106°71′，北纬26°59′)有代表性的4个地区6个种植点.在这6个种植点进行荞麦蚜虫种类的调查及其与寄主种类的关系调查，并对蚜虫优势种自然的消长规律进行系统研究.调查的荞麦种类主要是遵义以甜荞Fagopyrum esculentum为主，毕节、六盘水主要是甜荞、米苦荞F. tataricum、多年生苦荞F. tatari-cymosum、苦荞F. tataricum，贵阳是甜荞、米苦荞、多年生苦荞、矮金荞F. megaspartanium.调查时间为4月上旬荞麦长出两片新叶开始，直至荞麦收获为止.采集选择5点取样法，每个点选择10株调查，整块田共计调查50株.记录荞麦的种类、生长状况、每株荞麦的蚜虫数量、分布、危害程度等.每周调查1次，并采集蚜虫标本带回实验室进行显微镜鉴定.

1.2. 蚜虫种类鉴定及优势蚜虫种类的确定

蚜虫种类鉴定参考书和相关文献^[7-9].根据危害程度确定蚜虫优势种.蚜虫发生程度级别：+发生量很少，偶见；++发生量少，较常见；+++常见，但不成灾；++++发生严重，成灾^[10].

1.3. 分析方法

采用Excel 2010和Orgin 85对优势蚜虫的发生程度、高分期和趋势进行作图分析，并用SPSS 17.0对优势蚜虫在不同海拔、不同寄主上的数量和分布进行分析.

3. 结语

本文首次对贵州省荞麦上的蚜虫种类进行调查，结果发现贵州省荞麦主产区蚜虫主要为棉蚜、桃蚜和豆蚜3个种，目前多数学者主要是将蚜虫作为一种害虫来研究，且防治方法主要以化学农药为主，这极大地降低了对蚜虫的防治效果^[11].本文对荞麦发育时期荞麦蚜虫进行调查研究，为今后荞麦生长、发育、防治等方面的研究提供了一定的参考.

本文中蚜虫消长规律整体上呈现出先上升后下降的趋势，蚜虫数量随着荞麦的发育期逐渐上升，在开花期达到最大值，后逐渐下降，这与刘芳等^[12]的研究一致.因此，在开花期之前要对荞麦蚜虫进行及时的预防和防治.

不同寄主植物的气味对蚜虫的趋性作用不同，如白菜、油菜、豆角对桃蚜有明显的引诱作用，而韭菜、芹菜、辣椒对桃蚜有明显的排斥作用，茼蒿则对桃蚜无明显的趋性反应^[13-15].利用植物气味的趋性作用可以对害虫进行田间防治^[16]，如进行田间间作荞麦可以诱导害虫减少对其他作物的危害^[17].本文中桃蚜对甜荞的取食性大于其他品种的荞麦，豆蚜只取食甜荞而对其他品种的荞麦未见有取食性，说明不同品种荞麦对蚜虫的趋性作用不同，可以利用不同品种的荞麦进行田间间作达到防治害虫的目的.

蚜虫对植物的取食部位会根据植物种类和蚜虫种类的不同而不同^[18]，本文中桃蚜主要取食甜荞、苦荞和米苦荞的叶片、茎秆、新叶和花，而对于多年生苦荞和矮金荞主要在茎秆和嫩花枝条上取食，对叶片的取食相对较小，说明为适应生存，不同的荞麦品种会影响蚜虫的生态位.

本研究中海拔对蚜虫数量有直接影响，海拔低相对温度较高，蚜虫的发生速度较快、数量较大，反之则亦然，这与海拔越高昆虫数量越少的研究一致^[19-21]，因此荞麦蚜虫的预测预报及防治研究还需根据海拔高度进行判断.

此次对荞麦主产区蚜虫系统的全面研究，将对荞麦害虫资源材料进行及时地补充，根据蚜虫的消长规律，农户可根据情况在开花期前对蚜虫进行预防，遇到天气骤变，如持续高温干旱要及时进行防治，以免害虫爆发.根据荞麦品种进行合理的间作或者轮作，避免蚜虫虫口数量累计.

本课题组主要在荞麦主产区的6个点进行研究，品种、数量、时间和空间上都有一定的局限性，因此在结论和分析上难免有些欠缺，今后还需补充相关的数量来进行验证.该项调查为荞麦蚜虫的预测预报和防治研究提供了重要依据.

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A Study of the Species of Buckwheat Aphids and Their Fluctuation Patterns in Guizhou Province