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2019 Volume 41 Issue 6
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Le SHAO, Feng QIN, Xiao-qing PAN, et al. Effects of Apricot Mushroom (Pleurotus errngii) Chaff on Growth Performance, Digestibility and Antioxidant Properties of Young Rabbits[J]. Journal of Southwest University Natural Science Edition, 2019, 41(6): 8-14. doi: 10.13718/j.cnki.xdzk.2019.06.002
Citation: Le SHAO, Feng QIN, Xiao-qing PAN, et al. Effects of Apricot Mushroom (Pleurotus errngii) Chaff on Growth Performance, Digestibility and Antioxidant Properties of Young Rabbits[J]. Journal of Southwest University Natural Science Edition, 2019, 41(6): 8-14. doi: 10.13718/j.cnki.xdzk.2019.06.002
shu

Effects of Apricot Mushroom (Pleurotus errngii) Chaff on Growth Performance, Digestibility and Antioxidant Properties of Young Rabbits

  • Key Laboratory of Crop and Livestock Integrated Farming, Ministry of Agriculture/Institute of Animal Sciences, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China

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  • Corresponding author: Pin ZHAI ; 
  • Received Date: 06/08/2018
    Available Online: 20/06/2019

  • MSC: S829.1

  • The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of apricot mushroom (Pleurotus errngii) chaff on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestion rate and serum biochemical and antioxidant properties of young rabbits. Sixty of 5-week-old New Zealand young rabbits were randomly divided into three groups:control group, and experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ. In their daily rations, 0, 50%, and 100% of chrysanthemum leaf powder was replaced with apricot mushroom chaff, respectively. The preliminary trial lasted for 7d and the experiment period for 28 d. Compared with that of the control group, the average daily weight gain increased by 7.8% in experimental group Ⅰ and by 12.1% in experimental group Ⅱ, and the diarrhea rate showed a rising trend. The apparent digestibility of crude protein was significantly improved in experimental group Ⅰ compared with that of the control group (p < 0.05), and crude fiber, ash and nitrogen-free extract showed no significant differences among the control group, experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (p>0.05). The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (p < 0.05) and the total antioxidant capacity (p>0.05) were increased in experimental group Ⅱ compared with those of the control group; and the serum malonaldehyde content was reduced (p>0.05). Blood sugar content (p < 0.05) was significantly increased in experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ compared with that of the control group, and there was no significant effect on other serum indicators (p>0.05). Feed conversion ratio was decreased by 13.5% and 5.4% (p>0.05) in experimental groups Ⅰ and group Ⅱ compared with that of the control group, respectively, and the cost per kilogram of weight gain was 17.3% and 11.1% lower in experimental group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ than that of the control group, respectively. Thus, it can be seen that apricot mushroom chaff can improve the growth performance of young rabbits, reduce the feed conversion ratio, increase the apparent digestive rate of crude protein, enhance the antioxidant ability of the body and reduce the feeding cost.
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Effects of Apricot Mushroom (Pleurotus errngii) Chaff on Growth Performance, Digestibility and Antioxidant Properties of Young Rabbits

    Corresponding author: Pin ZHAI ; 
  • Received Date: 06/08/2018
  • Available Online: 20/06/2019

Abstract: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of apricot mushroom (Pleurotus errngii) chaff on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestion rate and serum biochemical and antioxidant properties of young rabbits. Sixty of 5-week-old New Zealand young rabbits were randomly divided into three groups:control group, and experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ. In their daily rations, 0, 50%, and 100% of chrysanthemum leaf powder was replaced with apricot mushroom chaff, respectively. The preliminary trial lasted for 7d and the experiment period for 28 d. Compared with that of the control group, the average daily weight gain increased by 7.8% in experimental group Ⅰ and by 12.1% in experimental group Ⅱ, and the diarrhea rate showed a rising trend. The apparent digestibility of crude protein was significantly improved in experimental group Ⅰ compared with that of the control group (p < 0.05), and crude fiber, ash and nitrogen-free extract showed no significant differences among the control group, experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (p>0.05). The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (p < 0.05) and the total antioxidant capacity (p>0.05) were increased in experimental group Ⅱ compared with those of the control group; and the serum malonaldehyde content was reduced (p>0.05). Blood sugar content (p < 0.05) was significantly increased in experimental groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ compared with that of the control group, and there was no significant effect on other serum indicators (p>0.05). Feed conversion ratio was decreased by 13.5% and 5.4% (p>0.05) in experimental groups Ⅰ and group Ⅱ compared with that of the control group, respectively, and the cost per kilogram of weight gain was 17.3% and 11.1% lower in experimental group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ than that of the control group, respectively. Thus, it can be seen that apricot mushroom chaff can improve the growth performance of young rabbits, reduce the feed conversion ratio, increase the apparent digestive rate of crude protein, enhance the antioxidant ability of the body and reduce the feeding cost.

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  • 食用菌具有较强的纤维分解能力，在栽培食用菌后的废料中，粗纤维、木质素等有一定程度的降解，而蛋白质、脂肪等质量分数有所提高，且易于粉碎，气味芳香，可用于畜禽的饲料开发应用[1-2].杏鲍菇菌糠(Apricot Mushroom Chaff，AMC)基料主要是玉米芯、木屑和甘蔗渣等，粗纤维质量分数较高.程云辉等[3]研究表明，在杏鲍菇栽培后的玉米秸秆中，粗纤维质量分数由原来的61.9%降低到37.11%.刘志芳等[4]用不同比例杏鲍菇菌糠的配方饲料饲喂奶牛，考察菌糠对牛生产性能的影响，试验发现用菌糠替代奶牛日粮中11%~22%的精饲料，对产奶量及乳品质均无显著影响，具有显著的经济效益.王松等[5]发现鸡腿菇酒糟菌糠对天府肉鸭肠道形态有一定损伤，但是对盲肠中有益微生物菌群的生长有一定促进作用.菌糠作为猪和家禽等单胃动物饲料开发的价值不大，但对于家兔而言，其盲肠发达，不仅可以降低饲料生产成本，提高养殖效益，还可有效提高菌糠循环利用率，减少对环境的污染.目前关于将杏鲍菇菌糠用于肉兔的日粮开发中的研究报道较少.

1.   材料方法

    1.1.   试验材料

  • 杏鲍菇菌糠来源于江苏省连云港市灌南县某食用菌生产企业生产杏鲍菇过程中产生的废弃菌糠，菌糠采用玉米芯、木屑和甘蔗渣等组成复合培养基.选取菌丝生长旺盛、表面覆盖一层白色菌丝体膜、料块结实、无杂菌污染的下脚料[3]，经滚筒烘干后粉碎制成菌糠.菌糠营养物质、微量元素及氨基酸质量分数见表 1至表 3，各营养成分均为实测值.

    • 1.2.   试验动物与饲养管理

  • 本试验于2017年12月在江苏省农科院六合试验兔场开展.选取60只35日龄的健康新西兰肉兔随机平均分成3组，公母各半.经方差分析LSD法比较，各组兔体质量差异无统计学意义.试验组别包括：对照组，为添加38%菊叶粉的基础日粮；试验Ⅰ组，为添加19%菌糠替代菊叶粉50%；试验Ⅱ组，为添加38%菌糠全替代菊叶粉.试验前对新西兰幼兔进行编号等试验准备工作；试验各组采用统一饲养管理，由专人饲养，1 d投喂2次，投食量以兔充分吃饱而不留料为准，自由饮水；肉兔采用单笼饲养.

    • 1.3.   试验日粮及试验设计

  • 试验日粮配方见表 4.将杏鲍菇菌糠添加到原料中制成颗粒料，干燥保存.预试期7d，正试期28d.测定饲料中常规营养成分：干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗纤维(CF)、钙(Ca)、磷(P).

    • 1.4.   测定指标

    1.4.1.   生长性能测定

  • 记录正饲期投料量，及时收集剩余饲料，风干后回称，统计正饲期各组实际耗料量.每周三下午2点称质量，记录0周、1周、2周、3周和4周体质量.计算平均日采食量：记录每周投料量和剩料量的差值后，除以各组试验兔的数量和天数，得出平均日采食量，统计4周数据求得均值，得到全期的平均日采食量.平均日增重：个体日增重(每只试验兔的末质量-初质量)/试验天数，统计各组均值.料重比：料重比=平均日采食量/平均日增重.每天记录腹泻兔耳号，统计腹泻天数，计算腹泻率.腹泻率=Σ(腹泻兔数量×腹泻天数)/(试验兔数量×试验天数)×100%.

    • 1.4.2.   营养物质表观消化率

  • 试验结束前3 d，每天从每个重复中均匀收集粪样约200 g，充分混匀，粪样置于-20 ℃冰箱冷冻保存，测定其营养物质的表观消化率.

    • 1.4.3.   血液生化指标的测定

  • 56日龄幼兔耳缘静脉采血，收集2 mL血液于离心管中，3 000 r/min离心20 min分离血清，-20 ℃保存.取血清测定白蛋白、总蛋白、球蛋白、谷草转氨酶、谷丙转氨酶等生化指标.

    • 1.4.4.   抗氧化性能的测定

  • 采用相关试剂盒检测新西兰兔血浆中SOD活性和MDA，T-AOC质量分数.主要试剂：超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)试剂盒，总抗氧化物能力(T-AOC)试剂盒，丙二醛(MDA)试剂盒，均购自于南京建成生物有限公司.

    • 1.5.   统计分析

  • 试验数据经Excel 2013初步整理后，采用SPSS 18.0进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANVOA)，Duncan氏法多重比较，以p＜0.05作为差异有统计学意义的判断标准.

2.   结果与分析

    2.1.   杏鲍菇菌糠对幼兔生长性能的影响

  • 如表 5，试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组与对照组相比，日增重分别提高7.8%和12.1%；腹泻率分别提高0.4%和0.9%，差异均无统计学意义(p＞0.05)；与对照组相比，试验Ⅰ组料重比最低，节约了13.5%.试验Ⅱ组比对照组略低一点.

    • 2.2.   杏鲍菇菌糠对幼兔部分营养物质表观消化率的影响

  • 如表 6，粗蛋白消化率，试验Ⅰ组显著高于对照组(p＜0.05)，试验Ⅱ组比对照组提高了6.8%.与对照组和试验Ⅰ组相比，试验Ⅱ组的粗纤维消化率分别提高了6.6%与3.7%；灰分消化率分别提高7.4%与5.5%；无氮浸出物消化率分别提高8.8%与5.1%，各组间差异均无统计学意义(p＞0.05).

    • 2.3.   杏鲍菇菌糠对幼兔血液生化指标的影响

  • 如表 7，白蛋白、球蛋白、谷草、谷丙、碱性磷酸酶(每100 mL含金氏单位)、肌酐、尿素氮、甘油三酯和总胆固醇每组间差异无统计学意义(p＞0.05)，但白蛋白和球蛋白，试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组均比对照组有提高趋势.血清葡萄糖各组间差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05).

    • 2.4.   杏鲍菇菌糠对幼兔抗氧化性能的影响

  • 如表 8，总抗氧化能力及丙二醛浓度，试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组与对照组相比，差异无统计学意义(p＞0.05).但是随着菌糠添加量的增加有增高和降低的趋势；超氧化物歧化酶活力方面，对照组与试验Ⅱ组相比，差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05).

    • 2.5.   幼兔的饲养成本及经济效益分析

  • 如表 9，饲料单价，试验Ⅱ组分别比对照组和试验Ⅰ组便宜0.2元/kg和0.1元/kg；平均增质量耗料成本，试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组分别比对照组节约了17.3%和11.1%.

3.   讨论

    3.1.   杏鲍菇菌糠对幼兔生长性能的影响

  • 菌糠中含有丰富的糖类、有机酸、生物活性物质、矿物质微量元素、氨基酸及其他营养成分，是潜在的优质饲料资源[6-7].闫昭明等[8]研究表明，饲粮中添加金针菇菌渣对黄羽肉鸡生长性能无显著影响，但可改善肉品质及营养价值.本研究发现在日粮中添加杏鲍菇菌糠可提高肉兔的日增重，降低日采食量，这与李进杰等[9]利用香菇菌糠代替日粮中不同比例的麸皮进行了生长期肉兔的饲喂试验的结果基本一致.本试验Ⅰ组的料重比最低，试验Ⅱ组由于腹泻率增加，料重比略低于对照组.幼兔腹泻率随着菌糠添加量的增加有所增高.这可能是由于杏鲍菇菌糠烘干处理不够及时，玉米赤霉烯酮和呕吐毒素略高对幼兔有一定的影响.

    • 3.2.   杏鲍菇菌糠对幼兔部分营养物质表观消化率的影响

  • 陈思恋等[10]利用平菇菌糠替代苜蓿草粉饲喂福建黄兔，研究菌糠对兔生长性能和肠道酶活性的影响，研究结果表明日粮中随着菌糠替代比例的增加，提高了黄兔肠道中消化酶的活性，降低了料重比.本试验消化率结果显示，各组间粗纤维、灰分和无氮浸出物都有所提高，其中试验Ⅰ组与对照组之间粗蛋白差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05).测定粗蛋白的表观消化率，能在一定程度上反映出动物对蛋白质的利用情况.这与孟梅娟等[11]添加15%和25%金针菇菌渣，山羊日粮中各营养物质表观消化率均高于对照组日粮的研究结果基本一致.

    • 3.3.   杏鲍菇菌糠对幼兔血液生化指标的影响

  • 血清葡萄糖各组之间差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05)，由于培养基组成成分不同，导致其菌糠中的糖分质量分数也存在较大差异.本试验所测定的杏鲍菇菌糠其培养基以玉米芯、木屑和甘蔗渣为主，因此菌糠饲粮气味香甜，适口性好，随着菌糠添加量的提高，幼兔血糖质量分数也逐渐升高.本次试验结果谷草、谷丙、碱性磷酸酶、肌酐、尿素氮、甘油三酯和总胆固醇每组间差异无统计学意义(p＞0.05)，但相比对照组都有升高趋势.这与郭万正等[12]研究发现，金针菇菌糠配制波尔山羊羔羊全混合颗粒日粮后，血清总蛋白、球蛋白、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白及游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸等均低于对照组，有降低趋势；血清中甘油三酯高于对照组，有上升趋势的结果不完全一致.可能是由于幼兔刚刚断奶，断奶应激影响因素更大一些，所以谷丙、谷草转氨酶等相比对照组有增高趋势.

    • 3.4.   杏鲍菇菌糠对幼兔抗氧化性能的影响

  • SOD是动物体内的活性氧清除因子，它能清除体内的过氧化产物，维持机体氧化和抗氧化的动态平衡，总抗氧化能力T-AOC和SOD水平的高低反映了机体抵御氧化应激、清除自由基的能力[13]. MDA是机体内脂质过氧化反应中的终产物，反应机体内脂质过氧化程度，可以间接地反映出细胞损伤的程度[14].本试验研究发现，与对照组相比，试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组都能够提高血清T-AOC和SOD活性，降低血清MDA质量分数，因此杏鲍菇菌糠可提高幼兔的抗氧化性能.

    • 3.5.   杏鲍菇菌糠对幼兔的饲养成本及经济效益分析

  • 陶忠连等[15]在杏鲍菇废菌棒代替麸皮饲喂肉牛的效果试验研究中，试验组采用杏鲍菇废菌棒替代常规饲料配方(对照组)中的麸皮，试验组净增质量比对照组多5.00 kg.陆亚珍等[16]研究杏鲍菇菌糠在羊日粮中可替代部分常规饲料，能显著降低羊的饲料成本.据潘军等[17]报道白灵菇菌糠对肉牛适口性和育肥效果的影响，白灵菇菌糠代替日粮中0，20%，40%，60%的麦秸进行育肥试验.肉牛的料重比和饲料成本均有所降低，饲养成本和饲养的利润均有不同程度的提高.本试验用菌糠代替菊叶粉，肉兔的料重比、饲料成本有所降低，饲养利润提高.平均每千克增质量消耗成本试验Ⅰ组分别比对照组和试验Ⅱ组节约了17.3%和6.9%.本试验菌糠成本每吨约为600元(含运输和烘干)，略低于菊叶粉的价格.开发和使用菌糠饲料不仅可以缓解食用菌对环境带来的负担，还可以缓解人畜争粮的矛盾.因此，菌糠饲料在养兔业的应用，不仅能节约成本，还能开辟饲料资源，具有很好的应用前景.

4.   结论

  • 杏鲍菇菌糠作为原料加入饲料中可以提高幼兔生长性能、降低料肉比、提高粗蛋白质表观消化率、增强机体的抗氧化能力、促进机体健康.综合考虑，杏鲍菇菌糠50%替代优于全替代，可降低饲喂成本，提高生产性能.

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