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2025 Volume 47 Issue 1
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LI Xifeng, GUI Fuxing, ZHONG Chonghua, et al. Effects of Hermetia illucens Larvae Meal on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Antibody Level and Serum Biochemical Indexes of Sichuan White Geese[J]. Journal of Southwest University Natural Science Edition, 2025, 47(1): 112-121. doi: 10.13718/j.cnki.xdzk.2025.01.010
Citation: LI Xifeng, GUI Fuxing, ZHONG Chonghua, et al. Effects of Hermetia illucens Larvae Meal on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Antibody Level and Serum Biochemical Indexes of Sichuan White Geese[J]. Journal of Southwest University Natural Science Edition, 2025, 47(1): 112-121. doi: 10.13718/j.cnki.xdzk.2025.01.010
shu

Effects of Hermetia illucens Larvae Meal on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Antibody Level and Serum Biochemical Indexes of Sichuan White Geese

  • 1.

    College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang Chongqing 402460, China

  • 2.

    Chongqing Rongchang Vocational Education Center, Rongchang Chongqing 402460, China

  • 3.

    College of Animal Science and Technology, Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Wanzhou Chongqing 404155, China

  • 4.

    Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Rongchang Chongqing 402460, China

More Information
  • Corresponding author: CAO Liting
  • Received Date: 30/08/2023
    Available Online: 20/01/2025

  • MSC: S831.5

  • This study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing feed protein by Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HILM) on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, antibody level and serum biochemical indexes of Sichuan white geese. A total of 64 healthy 1-day-old Sichuan white geese were randomly allocated into 4 groups with 4 replicates in each group and 4 geese in each replicate, namely Control, 2% HILM, 4% HILM and 8% HILM groups, and were fed with diets containing 0, 2%, 4% and 8% of HILM, respectively. The geese can access to food and water ad libitum in the 40 d of experiment period. The results showed that compared with the control group, the replacement of feed protein with HILM could increase the Average Daily Gain (ADG) of geese, with a significant difference in 2% HILM group (p < 0.05). The serum Total Antioxidant Capacity (T-AOC) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) in each HILM replacement group showed an increasing trend, and the serum GSH-Px in the 8% HILM group increased significantly (p < 0.05). 7 d after the 2nd immunization, the serum H5-R13 and H7-R4 antibody titer were increased in each HILM replacement group. The serum H5-R13 antibody titer in the 2% HILM group and the serum H7-R4 antibody titer in the 4% HILM group were both significantly increased (p < 0.05). There was no significant effect on serum biochemical indexes and organ indexes in each HILM replacement group (p > 0.05). In conclusion, HILM can improve the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and enhance the immunity effect of avian influenza vaccine of Sichuan white geese, and the suitable replacement level is 2%.

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Effects of Hermetia illucens Larvae Meal on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Antibody Level and Serum Biochemical Indexes of Sichuan White Geese

    Corresponding author: CAO Liting
  • Received Date: 30/08/2023
  • Available Online: 20/01/2025

Abstract: 

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing feed protein by Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HILM) on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, antibody level and serum biochemical indexes of Sichuan white geese. A total of 64 healthy 1-day-old Sichuan white geese were randomly allocated into 4 groups with 4 replicates in each group and 4 geese in each replicate, namely Control, 2% HILM, 4% HILM and 8% HILM groups, and were fed with diets containing 0, 2%, 4% and 8% of HILM, respectively. The geese can access to food and water ad libitum in the 40 d of experiment period. The results showed that compared with the control group, the replacement of feed protein with HILM could increase the Average Daily Gain (ADG) of geese, with a significant difference in 2% HILM group (p < 0.05). The serum Total Antioxidant Capacity (T-AOC) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) in each HILM replacement group showed an increasing trend, and the serum GSH-Px in the 8% HILM group increased significantly (p < 0.05). 7 d after the 2nd immunization, the serum H5-R13 and H7-R4 antibody titer were increased in each HILM replacement group. The serum H5-R13 antibody titer in the 2% HILM group and the serum H7-R4 antibody titer in the 4% HILM group were both significantly increased (p < 0.05). There was no significant effect on serum biochemical indexes and organ indexes in each HILM replacement group (p > 0.05). In conclusion, HILM can improve the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and enhance the immunity effect of avian influenza vaccine of Sichuan white geese, and the suitable replacement level is 2%.

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  • 随着畜牧养殖业的规模化、集约化发展，饲料的需求也随之增长，给饲料蛋白质原料的供应带来巨大挑战[1]。如何进一步降低养殖成本、提高生产性能和效益已成为养殖业主要追求的目标。目前，我国大豆、鱼粉等饲料蛋白质原料仍需大量进口，同时由于全球气候变化和可种植区域的不断减少，进口饲料原料价格日益走高，发掘新型饲料蛋白质原料已成为我国畜牧业可持续发展中亟待解决的问题。黑水虻(Hermetia illucens)是一种腐生性的水虻科昆虫，其干虫粉含有丰富的粗蛋白质(42%~61%)、粗脂肪(33%~47%)及钙(4.4%~6.0%)、磷(0.80%~0.95%)[2]，同时还富含多种必需氨基酸，其中赖氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸和苏氨酸等氨基酸水平接近豆粕[3]，此外还含有抗菌肽、烟酸、脂肪酸(月桂酸)、几丁质、生育酚等活性物质和锌、锰、硒等多种微量元素[4]，具有良好的营养价值。四川白鹅是我国优秀的地方品种，饲养区域覆盖全国20多个省，饲养总量超过1亿只，是我国鹅业生产的主体品种[5]。据报道，黑水虻幼虫粉(Hermetia illucens larvae meal，HILM)能促进肉鸡生长，提高肉鸡抗氧化能力，且对机体无不利影响[6-7]；也有研究报道，添加HILM可显著提高建水黄褐鸭的屠宰性能，调节其血清生化指标[8]。有关黑水虻在鹅上的应用目前还未见报道，本试验通过探究黑水虻幼虫粉对四川白鹅生长性能、抗氧化能力、抗体水平和血清生化指标的影响，以期为黑水虻幼虫粉替代饲料蛋白原料提供参考依据。

1.   材料与方法

    1.1.   试验材料

    1.1.1.   黑水虻幼虫粉

  • 黑水虻幼虫粉购自郑州某农业科技有限公司，按照《饲料采样》(GB/T 14699—2023)的要求采样并对其营养物质进行检测分析，结果见表 1。

    • 1.1.2.   试验试剂

  • 鹅血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)以及丙二醛(MDA)试剂盒，南京建成生物工程研究所；重组禽流感病毒(H5+H7)三价灭活疫苗，哈药集团有限公司；禽流感病毒抗体检测试剂盒，深圳芬德生物技术有限公司。

    • 1.2.   试验设计与饲养管理

  • 64只健康状况良好的1日龄清洁级四川白鹅随机分成4组，每组4个重复，每个重复4只鹅，分别为对照组、2%黑水虻幼虫粉替代组(2% HILM组)、4%黑水虻幼虫粉替代组(4% HILM组)和8%黑水虻幼虫粉替代组(8% HILM组)，各组试验鹅只的初始体质量差异无统计学意义。对照组饲喂基础日粮，试验组分别饲喂2%、4%、8%黑水虻幼虫粉替代蛋白饲料，试验期40 d。整个试验周期内试验鹅只分栏饲养，自由采食和饮水，于12日龄和33日龄免疫重组禽流感病毒(H5+H7)三价灭活疫苗。参照美国NRC(1994)鹅的营养需要配制试验饲粮，饲粮组成及营养水平见表 2。

    • 1.3.   指标测定

    1.3.1.   生长性能

  • 分别于试验第1 d和第40 d空腹称质量，试验期间按重复准确记录饲喂量和剩料质量，按重复计算平均日增质量(ADG，以G表示)、平均日采食量(ADFI，以F表示)和料肉比(F/G)。

    式中：A为总采食量(g)；B为总增体质量(g)；c为每重复鹅只数；d为试验天数。

    • 1.3.2.   器官指数

  • 饲养至第40 d，处死所有试验鹅只，精确摘取法氏囊、脾脏、肝脏、胸腺组织，吸干残留的血液后称质量，计算器官指数(O)。

    式中：G为器官鲜质量(g)；H为宰前空腹活体质量(kg)。

    • 1.3.3.   抗氧化指标

  • 饲养至第40 d，无菌操作采集所有试验鹅只翅下静脉血10 mL，分离血清，按照试剂盒操作说明测定鹅血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)以及丙二醛(MDA)水平。

    • 1.3.4.   抗体水平

  • 分别于初次免疫后7、14、21 d和二次免疫后7 d，翅下静脉采血并分离血清，采用血凝抑制试验检测血清禽流感抗体滴度，按照试剂盒操作说明测定血清禽流感特异性抗体水平。

    • 1.3.5.   血清生化指标

  • 饲养至第40 d，无菌操作采集所有试验鹅只翅下静脉血并分离血清，采用全自动生化分析仪分析血清生化指标：谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)、尿酸(UA)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TCHO)。

    • 1.4.   统计分析

  • 试验数据经Excel 2016处理，采用SPSS 22.0对数据进行分析，并使用GraghPad Prism 9.0绘制数据统计图表。数据以x ±s表示，p＜0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2.   结果与分析

    2.1.   黑水虻幼虫粉对四川白鹅生长性能的影响

  • 由表 3可知，与对照组相比，2% HILM组平均日增质量(ADG)显著升高(p＜0.05)；各HILM替代组平均日采食量(ADFI)呈现升高趋势，但差异无统计学意义(p＞0.05)。

    • 2.2.   黑水虻幼虫粉对四川白鹅器官指数的影响

  • 由表 4可知，与对照组相比，各HILM替代组胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊和肝脏指数差异无统计学意义(p＞0.05)。

    • 2.3.   黑水虻幼虫粉对四川白鹅血清抗氧化能力的影响

  • 由表 5可知，与对照组相比，各HILM替代组谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)呈现升高趋势，其中8% HILM组差异有统计学意义(p＜0.05)；各HILM替代组血清丙二醛(MDA)呈现下降趋势，总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)呈现升高趋势，但差异无统计学意义(p＞0.05)。

    • 2.4.   黑水虻幼虫粉对四川白鹅抗体水平的影响

  • 与对照组相比，二次免疫后1周，各HILM替代组对四川白鹅血清禽流感H5-R13抗体滴度影响呈现升高趋势，其中2% HILM组升高明显(p＜0.05)，见图 1。各HILM替代组对四川白鹅血清禽流感H5-R14抗体滴度影响不大(p＞0.05)，见图 2。2%和4% HILM组对四川白鹅血清禽流感H7-R4抗体滴度呈现不同程度的升高趋势，其中二免后1周4% HILM组H7-R4抗体滴度升高明显(p＜0.05)，见图 3；各HILM替代组对四川白鹅血清禽流感特异性抗体水平影响不明显(p＞0.05)，见图 4。

    • 2.5.   黑水虻幼虫粉对四川白鹅血清生化指标的影响

  • 由表 6可知，与对照组相比，各HILM替代组血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)呈现降低趋势，碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLB)和总胆固醇(TCHO)呈现升高趋势，差异无统计学意义(p＞0.05)。

3.   讨论与结论

    3.1.   讨论

    3.1.1.   对四川白鹅生长性能的影响

  • 黑水虻作为一种新型饲料蛋白质原料[9-10]，是目前禽类和鱼类饲料蛋白质添加或替代品中的研究热点。在家禽方面，采用不同HILM替代水平或形态，对各种家禽的影响也不尽相同[11-13]。据报道，家禽的种类、日龄阶段、性别、原饲料蛋白质原料种类和饲养环境等的差异会对黑水虻替代饲料蛋白的喂养结果造成不同影响[14-17]。基于此，在养殖实践中应用黑水虻替代饲料蛋白应该进行综合考虑。生长性能可直接反映动物的生长状况，本研究中2% HILM组可显著提高四川白鹅的ADG，这与王海堂等[18]研究结果相一致。

    • 3.1.2.   对四川白鹅器官指数的影响

  • 胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊是禽类的主要免疫器官，能反映机体免疫机能的强弱；肝脏是禽类的主要营养代谢器官，对机体的健康生长有重要意义。器官指数减弱了体质量对器官健康的影响，一定范围内，器官指数越大，内脏功能活动越旺盛[19]。本研究结果显示，与对照组相比，HILM替代饲料蛋白对四川白鹅胸腺、脾脏、法氏囊和肝脏指数影响均无统计学意义，胸腺和肝脏指数有上升趋势，这与王斌等[20]和金鑫鑫等[21]研究结果相一致。

    • 3.1.3.   对四川白鹅血清抗氧化能力的影响

  • 活性氧(reactive oxygen species，ROS)是需氧生物体体细胞的有氧代谢产物，ROS在较低水平维持动态平衡，对机体有重要的生理意义[22]。机体处于炎症或免疫应激等病理状态时，引发机体氧化与抗氧化失衡，当ROS水平超过机体抗氧化能力时，会对脂质、DNA、蛋白质等大分子造成氧化损伤[23]。丙二醛(MDA)水平能直接反映机体内脂质过氧化程度，间接反映机体细胞氧化损伤程度[24]。总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)能反映机体应激时的抗氧化能力，包括抗氧化酶系统和非抗氧化酶系统对于外来刺激的应对能力。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)能歧化氧自由基生成H2O2。谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)能清除H2O2和羟基自由基等活性氧[25]，因此，SOD和GSH-Px能提高机体对自由基引发疾病的抵抗力。本试验结果表明，8% HILM组能显著提高四川白鹅血清GSH-Px活性，与Dabbou等[6]对肉鸡的研究结果相一致。黑水虻幼虫体内含生育酚，能增强机体的抗氧化能力[26]。本试验中2% HILM组抗氧化指标显示抗氧化能力有增强的趋势，表明HILM对提高四川白鹅机体的抗氧化能力有促进作用，可缓解应激对机体带来的不利影响。

    • 3.1.4.   对四川白鹅H5+H7三价禽流感灭活苗抗体水平的影响

  • 禽流感抗体水平反映禽流感疫苗免疫后机体的特异性体液免疫，其状态直接影响抗体水平的高低。据报道，黑水虻能增强动物机体的先天免疫功能[27]。本试验结果显示，二次免疫后1周，2% HILM组血清禽流感H5-R13抗体滴度显著升高，4% HILM组显著提升了血清禽流感H7-R4的抗体滴度水平。2% HILM组禽流感灭活苗H5-R14株和H7-R4株抗体滴度在免疫后试验周期内均高于对照组，8% HILM组抗体阻断率在免疫后试验周期内也均高于对照组，表明2%~8% HILM替代量对禽流感疫苗免疫效果有增强作用。

    • 3.1.5.   对四川白鹅血清生化指标的影响

  • 血清生化指标在一定程度上反映了动物的生理、营养、代谢等多种生命活动状态，是衡量动物机体生理状态的重要标准[28]。谷丙转氨酶(ALT)和谷草转氨酶(AST)能催化转氨作用，是肝脏和心脏机能的重要指标[29]。血清总蛋白(TP)质量浓度增加可以促进蛋白质的合成，进而促进动物生长[30]。TP可分为白蛋白(ALB)和球蛋白(GLB)，ALB是血液中脂肪酸的携带者，GLB水平与机体免疫机能有关。本研究中AST和ALT水平有下降趋势，TP、ALB、GLB有上升趋势，这与王桂英等[31]对海兰褐蛋雏鸡的研究结果相一致。碱性磷酸酶(ALP)通过水解磷酸单酯对核酸、蛋白、生物碱等对应底物去磷酸化，其活性可反映动物的生长状况和对应激的适应能力[32]。本研究中，各HILM替代组ALP水平有上升趋势，提示HILM可提高四川白鹅的生产性能。甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(TCHO)主要反映机体脂质的吸收和代谢情况[33-35]。本研究中各HILM替代组TG和TCHO水平无明显变化，这与余苗等[36]的研究结果相一致；但Gariglio等[37]研究发现，3%、6%、9% HILM组替代豆粕可显著降低3~50日龄阶段番鸭血液中的甘油三酯和胆固醇水平，出现该现象的原因可能是血清中TG和TCHO水平变化与饲粮组成和试验动物有关。

    • 3.2.   结论

  • 黑水虻幼虫粉替代饲料蛋白可提高1~40日龄四川白鹅的生长性能和抗氧化能力，对禽流感疫苗免疫效果有增强作用，其中2%替代量为适宜替代量。

Figure (4)  Table (6) Reference (37)

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