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2019 Volume 44 Issue 2
Article Contents

Hong-yu TONG, Xiao-xue ZHOU, Yun-ye WANG, et al. Cultivation Technologies of High Quality Seedlings for Ficus beipeiensis Plantlets[J]. Journal of Southwest China Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2019, 44(2): 53-58. doi: 10.13718/j.cnki.xsxb.2019.02.011
Citation: Hong-yu TONG, Xiao-xue ZHOU, Yun-ye WANG, et al. Cultivation Technologies of High Quality Seedlings for Ficus beipeiensis Plantlets[J]. Journal of Southwest China Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2019, 44(2): 53-58. doi: 10.13718/j.cnki.xsxb.2019.02.011

Cultivation Technologies of High Quality Seedlings for Ficus beipeiensis Plantlets

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  • Corresponding author: Shao-hu TANG
  • Received Date: 23/08/2018
    Available Online: 20/02/2019
  • MSC: Q948

  • In this experiment, the test-tube seedlings of Ficus beipeiensis have been used as materials, the effects of different substrate (Pinkevitch nutrition soil, vermiculite, perlite, humus soil under the forest and their mixtures of different volumes) and foliar topdressing (0.5%-2% urea, NPK compound fertilizer and Hoagland nutrient solution) on seedling growth and transplanting survival rate have been studied by using biodegradable non-woven bag seedling breeding after the test-tube seedlings were refined. The results show that the optimum seedling substrate was Pinkevitch nutrition soil, the plant height increased by 1.90 cm, the number of leaves increased by 2.75, and the survival rate of transplantation was 96.29% after the plantlets transplantation for 30 days; the optimum foliar topdressing was 1% urea, the plant height increased by 1.94 cm, the number of leaves increased by 3.2, and the transplanting survival rate reached 100% after foliar fertilization for 30 days (once every 3 days); after transplanting for 30 days, the seedlings with height of 7-9 cm and 5-8 leaves increased by 1.4 cm, the number of leaves increased by 3.4, the survival rate reached 96.25%, and the seedlings grew well in the field.
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Cultivation Technologies of High Quality Seedlings for Ficus beipeiensis Plantlets

    Corresponding author: Shao-hu TANG

Abstract: In this experiment, the test-tube seedlings of Ficus beipeiensis have been used as materials, the effects of different substrate (Pinkevitch nutrition soil, vermiculite, perlite, humus soil under the forest and their mixtures of different volumes) and foliar topdressing (0.5%-2% urea, NPK compound fertilizer and Hoagland nutrient solution) on seedling growth and transplanting survival rate have been studied by using biodegradable non-woven bag seedling breeding after the test-tube seedlings were refined. The results show that the optimum seedling substrate was Pinkevitch nutrition soil, the plant height increased by 1.90 cm, the number of leaves increased by 2.75, and the survival rate of transplantation was 96.29% after the plantlets transplantation for 30 days; the optimum foliar topdressing was 1% urea, the plant height increased by 1.94 cm, the number of leaves increased by 3.2, and the transplanting survival rate reached 100% after foliar fertilization for 30 days (once every 3 days); after transplanting for 30 days, the seedlings with height of 7-9 cm and 5-8 leaves increased by 1.4 cm, the number of leaves increased by 3.4, the survival rate reached 96.25%, and the seedlings grew well in the field.

  • 北碚榕(Ficus beipeiensis S.S Chang)隶属桑科榕属,重庆特有[1];现仅有野生植株5株,且其传粉小蜂少,结实率低,种子难以萌发,故生存现状极危[2]. 2004年被列入《中国物种红色名录》[3],2015年列入重庆市重点保护野生植物名录[4].

    北碚榕四季常绿,冠大浓郁[5],是园林绿化和低山造林的优良树种[6].汤绍虎、陆万香和钱春等选育的北碚榕优良品种‘碚榕1号’2014年通过重庆市林木品种审定委员会审定.张艳玲等开展了‘碚榕1号’的组培快繁研究[7],率先建立了北碚榕的离体繁殖体系.但是,该繁殖体系仍然存在丛芽繁殖系数较低、试管苗根系发育不良和出圃苗木质量欠佳等问题[8].为此,本研究以‘碚榕1号’试管苗为材料,拟通过不同育苗基质和叶面追肥的筛选等实验获得优质苗木培育技术,为北碚榕离体繁殖种苗的规模化生产奠定基础.

1.   材料与方法
  • 实验材料为北碚榕‘碚榕1号’第6代不定芽生根后形成的试管苗(高约3 cm).

  • 将其试管苗生根良好的培养瓶置于培养架上,拧松瓶盖晾苗2 d;移出培养室,室内揭盖炼苗3 d.温水浸泡培养基,洗净根系;将试管苗移栽到盛不同基质的无纺布育苗袋中,置温室内,保持基质湿润并进行叶面追肥.

  • 育苗基质设5种:M1为品氏营养土(丹麦生产);M2为品氏营养土与蛭石,体积比1: 1;M3为品氏营养土、蛭石与珍珠岩,体积比2: 1: 1;M4为林下腐殖土;M5为蛭石与珍珠岩,体积比1: 1.每种基质移栽试管苗12株,重复3次. 30 d后统计移栽成活率、株高增量(cm)和叶片增量(枚).

  • 叶面追肥设3种肥料:尿素、NPK复合肥和Hoagland营养液;肥料浓度设3个水平:0.5%,1%,2%.尿素为“泸天化”产品,质量分数为46.49 %;NPK复合肥系贵州“万庄”产品,含N,P,K各17%;Hoagland营养液的盐分初始质量分数为1/2 Hoagland配方.每个处理移栽试管苗6株,重复3次,叶面追肥1次/3 d. 30 d后统计移栽成活率、株高和叶片增量.

  • 将不同株高(3~9 cm)的北碚榕苗木由温室移栽到田间,常规管理. 30 d后统计移栽存活率,同时考查株高和叶片增量.

  • 实验数据利用SPSS12.0软件计算平均数和进行统计分析,利用Microsoft Excel 2017软件对平均数和差异性制表、作图.

2.   结果与分析
  • 结果表明,移栽30 d后,试管苗移栽成活率M1基质最高(96.29%),M4基质次之(90.74%);M1与M4基质之间差异无统计学意义(p>0.05),而与M2,M3和M5基质之间差异有统计学意义(p≤0.05).株高增量M1基质最高(1.90 cm),且与M2~M5基质之间差异有统计学意义;叶片增量M1基质最高(2.75枚),与M5基质之间差异有统计学意义,但与M2~M4基质之间差异无统计学意义(表 1).同时,苗木生长状态在M1基质中最好(图 1).因此,从整体上来看,北碚榕试管苗适宜的育苗基质为品氏营养土(M1基质).

  • 叶面追肥能显著提高北碚榕试管苗的移栽成活率和促进苗木的生长,不同叶面追肥存在差异(表 2).其中,1%尿素效果最佳(图 2-A2),1% NPK复合肥次之(图 2-B2),二者之间株高、叶片增量具有统计学意义.喷施1%尿素时,不仅试管苗的移栽成活率达100%,而且苗木的株高增加1.94 cm,叶片增加3.2枚,株高和叶片增量比喷施1% NPK复合肥分别提高8.38%和23.08%,幼苗长势最好. Hoagland营养液促苗木生长效果较差(图 2-C2).结果表明,本实验中提高北碚榕试管苗移栽成活率和促进苗木生长的最佳叶面追肥为1%尿素(1次/3 d).

  • 将试管苗移栽到育苗袋后(图 3-A),所培育的苗木越大,移栽到田间后的存活率越高(表 3).株高7~9 cm的苗木移栽30 d后,存活率达96.25%,比株高5~7 cm和3~5 cm的苗木分别提高8.35%和29.93%,三者相互间差异具有统计学意义.结果表明,株高7~9 cm(叶龄5~8枚)的北碚榕苗木,30 d移栽存活率可达95%以上.北碚榕苗木从室内移栽到田间后,长势更好(图 3-B).

  • 结果表明,移栽时苗木越大,移栽到田间后生长越快(图 4).

    株高7~9 cm的苗木,移栽30 d后株高增加1.4 cm(图 4-A),比株高5~7 cm和3~5 cm的苗木分别提高48.00%和70.73%,且与较小苗木之间差异有统计学意义.

    株高7~9 cm的苗木,移栽30 d后叶片增加3.4枚(图 4-B),比株高5~7 cm和3~5 cm的苗木分别提高54.54%和88.89%,与较小苗木之间差异也有统计学意义.

3.   结论
  • 北碚榕试管苗的最佳育苗基质为品氏营养土,最适叶面追肥为1%尿素(1次/3 d);株高7~9 cm(叶龄5~8枚)的苗木,移栽田间30 d后存活率达95%以上.

4.   讨论
  • 苗木是林业各项工程造林及园林绿化建设的重要物质基础[9].苗木质量的好坏,直接影响着栽植后的成活率和生长发育[10],关系到造林绿化工程的成败,影响着生态环境建设的质量[11].优质苗木栽植后成活率高、扎根早、生长快、抵抗力强[9].

    苗木的培育与移植是造林绿化工作的前提与关键[12].容器育苗技术可以提高苗木质量、简化操作过程、降低生产成本和提高育苗效率[13],因而在苗木培育中广泛应用.

    无纺布容器袋是一种新型育苗容器,不仅质量轻、可降解,而且有空气修根的作用[14],即生长到容器孔隙处的根尖因暴露于空气中而生长受抑制.空气修根可促进侧根生成、促进茎叶生长和提高苗木抗逆性,是提高苗木质量的有效方法[15-16].因此,本实验也采用了无纺布容器袋培育苗木.

    方保等[17]在烤烟漂浮育苗中发现,河砂和河泥沙等不同基质对烤烟幼苗的出苗率、螺旋根发生率和根系生长等有显著影响.本实验研究了品氏营养土、林下腐殖土等5种基质的育苗效果,结果品氏营养土最佳.原因是该营养土的主要基质为泥炭藓,并加入了保水剂和矿质元素,吸水和通气性较好,养分含量较高,有利于植物对水分和养分的吸收[18].

    在育苗期间给幼苗施肥,可以保障其营养供应,促进生长[12].本实验使用0.5%,1%和2%的尿素、NPK复合肥和Hoagland营养液对北碚榕移栽幼苗进行根外追肥,结果1%尿素的促苗效果最好.这是因为氮对植物的营养生长影响最大,施用氮肥可以加快植物的生长速度,促进生物量增加和苗木生长[19].刘景巍等[20]也发现,适量施氮可促进东北红豆杉幼苗新稍的生长.

    本实验初步获得了北碚榕试管苗苗木的培育技术,但移栽苗木的出苗标准还需总结,育苗技术还需进一步优化.

Figure (4)  Table (3) Reference (20)

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