-
作为我国补充优质师资、促进教育公平的重要政策之一,公费师范教育经历了自2007年在教育部直属师范大学试点实施的起步阶段、2013年向部分地方师范院校拓展的完善推进阶段、以2018年《教育部直属师范大学师范生公费教育实施办法》(以下简称《办法》)的出台为标志,将“师范生免费教育政策”调整为“师范生公费教育政策”的转型阶段。自2007年政策出台以来,已“累计招收公(免)费师范生超过11万人”[1],为我国基础教育输送了大量优质的教师资源,为促进我国教育公平发展提供了有力的人力资源支撑。
但是,在公费师范教育政策实施过程中,不同利益主体之间的价值冲突逐渐显现,一定程度上影响了政策的实施效度。学界已有研究关注任教农村的履约规定与毕业生就业期望之间的冲突,发现农村地区对公费师范毕业生缺乏吸引力,农村地区的生活环境、工作环境及发展前景是部分公费师范生拒绝长期扎根农村的主要因素[2]。就读一流大学的教育福利使部分不乐教的学生,牺牲专业兴趣选择了公费师范教育,学术兴趣与定向就业之间的矛盾也是部分公费师范生毕业后未能长期从教的因素之一[3]。农村生源地公费师范生需要面临在农村接受初级、中级教育,进入城市接受高等教育,返回农村任教的生活轨迹,经历着城乡内在身份变迁的期望与落差[4],其本质为公费师范生提高社会地位的期望与公费师范教育政策公平旨趣之间的价值冲突[5]。有研究发现公费师范教育的培养模式与用人单位需求之间的匹配度有待提升,在价值引导以及课程设置方面,普通教师教育培养模式未能充分考虑师范生高等教育前的学习经历以及农村地区的教育需求,任教农村的公费师范生面临职前教育形成的知识体系实践适用性不高的困境[6]。概而观之,国家、高校、师范生、用人单位等利益主体之间的潜在矛盾影响着政策的实施效度,但目前少有研究以制度逻辑观照公费师范教育制度场域中各主体间的价值冲突。为实现政策理想与实施效度的真正契合,本文从制度逻辑视角探究公费师范教育的政策意蕴与价值旨归,并以制度逻辑间的协调互补为内在机理,提出有效的改革路径,以期完善公费师范教育政策。
The Policy Logics and Reformation of State-Funded Teacher Education in China
- Received Date: 18/03/2020
- Available Online: 01/11/2020
Abstract: The education field is constructed by the interaction between different policy logics. As an important state policy to supplement quality teachers and promote the equitable development of education, China's state-funded teacher education program contains the interaction, checks and balances between the logics of state, of market and of profession. The program demonstrates the country's aim of allocating teacher resources in a balanced manner to promote educational equity. It embeds the policy interest of compensating education in disadvantaged areas and pursuing a balanced education development. Meanwhile, it uses the contract monitoring and stated fund as incentives to provide institutional guarantees and give state-funded teacher education national honor. At the same time, the policy regulates the logic of market which causes the structural imbalance of teacher allocation and reflects the logic of profession by focusing on professional quality with high-quality teacher education. Based on the analysis of the three-dimensional policy logic, the reformation strategies of state-funded teacher education are proposed. The policy can highlight the logic of state, encourage local normal universities to participate and build a diversified state-funded teacher education system. By highlighting the logic of profession by introduing professional accrediation of teacher education, it can further ensure the quality of student-teachers. With the coordination between the logics of market and of profession, it can improve the dynamic entry-exit mechanism. A category-based graded assessment mechanism can be established to improve the professional quality of state-funded teacher students. Within the mechanism, three categories of normal universities can launch state-funded teacher education program, including normal universities under the sole direction of the Ministry of Education of China, those under the joint direction of the Ministry of Education of China and provincial education authorites as well as those under the sole direction of provincial education authorites. Meanwhile, the mechanism can be a bridge for the identity transformation between the state-funded student teachers and majors other than teacher education. Based on a graded performance assessment, the mechanism provides diversified career choices for graduates. The policy can strengthen the logic of profession to promote teachers' professional development and achieve the integration of pre-service and in-service education.