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2018 Volume 40 Issue 5
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Cheng-wei FAN, Xian-ning LIU. A Predator-Prey Mathematical Model with Both the Populations Affected by Diseases[J]. Journal of Southwest University Natural Science Edition, 2018, 40(5): 94-100. doi: 10.13718/j.cnki.xdzk.2018.05.015
Citation: Cheng-wei FAN, Xian-ning LIU. A Predator-Prey Mathematical Model with Both the Populations Affected by Diseases[J]. Journal of Southwest University Natural Science Edition, 2018, 40(5): 94-100. doi: 10.13718/j.cnki.xdzk.2018.05.015

A Predator-Prey Mathematical Model with Both the Populations Affected by Diseases

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  • Corresponding author: Xian-ning LIU
  • Received Date: 06/08/2017
    Available Online: 20/05/2018
  • MSC: O175.13

  • In this paper, a predator-prey mathematical model with both the populations affected by diseases is proposed. The positivity and ultimate boundedness of the solution is proved. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the locally asymptotic stability of the boundary equilibrium are established by using Hurwitz criterion. And the positive equilibrium point is proved to be always unstable. The sufficient conditions for the globally asymptotic stability of the boundary equilibrium are given by constructing some reasonable Lyapunov functions.
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A Predator-Prey Mathematical Model with Both the Populations Affected by Diseases

    Corresponding author: Xian-ning LIU

Abstract: In this paper, a predator-prey mathematical model with both the populations affected by diseases is proposed. The positivity and ultimate boundedness of the solution is proved. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the locally asymptotic stability of the boundary equilibrium are established by using Hurwitz criterion. And the positive equilibrium point is proved to be always unstable. The sufficient conditions for the globally asymptotic stability of the boundary equilibrium are given by constructing some reasonable Lyapunov functions.

  • 20世纪40年代,Lotka和Volterra奠定了种间竞争关系的理论基础,他们提出的种间竞争模型对现代生态学理论的发展有着重大影响.同样的,Kermack和McKendrick提出的的SIR模型为传染病动力学建模奠定了基础.最近,关于疾病在种群间传播的研究成为了一个热点.文献[1-3]研究了捕食者染病的捕食—食饵模型,文献[4-10]研究了食饵染病的捕食—食饵模型.但是研究捕食者和食饵都染病的模型较少[11-15]:文献[11]研究了海洋生态系统中某种浮游植物和浮游动物均染病的捕食—食饵模型,其中捕食者捕食染病的食饵后不染病,但事实上捕食者捕食染病食饵后有可能染病[12];文献[13]研究了只有染病食饵被捕食的捕食—食饵模型,但事实上易感的食饵也有可能被捕食[14];文献[15]也考虑了捕食者与食饵均感染疾病的捕食—食饵模型,食饵染病后,捕食者有可能会因与染病食饵接触或在其邻近区域内活动而感染疾病,且捕食者之间不传播疾病.另外,捕食者捕食染病食饵后也可能不直接染病,而在转化为自身增长的过程中染病,为了考虑这些因素的影响,我们作出以下假设:

    1) 假设只有易感食饵服从logistic增长; 染病食饵无繁殖能力但可利用资源,从而对易感食饵有抑制作用.设环境容纳量为1,内禀增长率为常数r.

    2) 假设疾病不会遗传,感染的种群不会恢复,也不会获得免疫.

    3) 染病捕食者由于活动能力较弱,所以不能捕食食饵.染病捕食者不能感染易感捕食者[12].

    从而建立如下捕食—食饵模型:

    其中:SxIxSyIy分别为易感食饵、染病食饵、易感捕食者、染病捕食者的数量; r为易感食饵种群的内禀增长率,β1为易感食饵的染病率,k为易感的捕食者捕获染病食饵的捕获率,θ为转化系数,ρ为捕食染病食饵后不染病的概率,β2为捕食者染病率,d0为染病食饵的死亡率,d1为易感捕食者的自然死亡率,d2为染病捕食者的因病死亡率.假设系统(1)的参数都为正,且0<ρ<1.

    引理1   若SxIxSyIy是系统(1)满足初值条件Sx(0)>0,Ix(0)>0,Sy(0)>0,Iy(0)>0的解,则它们具有正性且最终有界.

      首先用反证法证明正性.假设存在t1>0,使得SxIxSyIy在区间[0,t1)上大于零,且Sx(t1),Ix(t1),Sy(t1),Iy(t1)至少有一个等于零.

    Sx(t1)=0,由系统(1)第一个方程,在[0,t1)上有

    由比较定理得,

    与假设矛盾,所以

    同理可得

    所以系统(1)满足初值条件Sx(0)>0,Ix(0)>0,Sy(0)>0,Iy(0)>0的解都为正.

    其次证明有界性.令

    将系统(1)的第一个和第二个方程相加,得到

    由比较定理可得

    所以对$\forall $ ε>0,不妨取ε=1,$\exists $ t2>0,使得tt2时,

    a=min{rd0d1d2},则当tt2时,

    由比较定理得,

    引理1得证.

1.   平衡点分析
  • 系统(1)显然存在两个平衡点E0=(0,0,0,0)与E1=(1,0,0,0).

    β1d0时,存在边界平衡点E2=(Sx2Ix2,0,0),其中${S_{x2}} = \frac{{{d_0}}}{{{\beta _1}}}, {I_{x2}} = \frac{{r({\beta _1}- {d_0})}}{{{\beta _1}({\beta _1} + r)}} $.

    θkd1时,存在边界平衡点E3=(Sx3,0,Sy3,0),其中${S_{x3}} = \frac{{{d_1}}}{{\theta k}}, {S_{y3}} = \frac{{r(\theta k- {d_1})}}{{\theta {k^2}}} $.

    假设(Sx*Ix*Sy*Iy*)为系统(1)的正平衡点,则有

    解得

    所以当d1(r+β1)>k(r+d0)(ρθ-β2),(d1-θkSx*)(ρθ-β2)>0,β1Sx*d0时,存在正平衡点E4=(Sx*Ix*Sy*Iy*).

2.   局部稳定性分析
  • 在这一节中,我们将讨论各个平衡点的局部稳定性.易得系统(1)在平衡点(SxIxSyIy)处线性化后所对应的的Jacobian矩阵为

    定理1  平衡点E0是鞍点.

      系统(1)在E0处的Jacobian矩阵为

    显然E0是鞍点.证毕.

    定理2  若β1d0θkd1,则平衡点E1局部渐近稳定,若β1d0θkd1,则平衡点E1不稳定.

      系统(1)在E1处的Jacobian矩阵为

    其所对应的特征值为λ1=-rλ2=β1-d0λ3=θk-d1λ4=-d2,所以当β1d0θkd1时,平衡点E1局部渐近稳定; 当β1d0θkd1时,E1不稳定.证毕.

    定理3   假设β1d0,若

    则平衡点E2局部渐近稳定; 若

    则平衡点E2不稳定.

      系统(1)在E2处的Jacobian矩阵为

    其对应的特征方程为

    显然

    为其特征值,且另外两个特征值λ3λ4为方程λ2+rSx2λ+β1(r+β1)Sx2Ix2=0的两个根,易得λ3λ4的实部小于0.所以当

    时,平衡点E2局部渐近稳定; 当

    平衡点E2不稳定.

    定理4  假设θkd1,若β1d1θk d0+r(θk-d1),则平衡点E3局部渐近稳定,若β1d1θk d0+r(θk-d1),则平衡点E3不稳定.

      系统(1)在E3处的Jacobian矩阵为

    其对应的特征方程为

    显然有特征根

    另外两个特征值λ3λ4为方程λ2+rSx3λ+θk2Sx3Sy3=0的两个根,显然λ3λ4的实部小于0.所以当β1d1θk d0+r(θk-d1)时,平衡点E3局部渐近稳定; 当β1d1θk d0+r(θk-d1)时,平衡点E3不稳定.证毕.

    定理5   平衡点E4不稳定.

      系统(1)在E4处的Jacobian矩阵为

    其对应的特征方程为

    显然有特征根λ1=-d2.另外3个根λ2λ3λ4满足方程

    其常数项

    从而根据Hurwitz判据[16]可得,λ2λ3λ4中至少有一个根的实部为正,所以平衡点E4不稳定.证毕.

3.   全局稳定性分析
  • 定理6   若β1d0θkd1,则平衡点E1=(1,0,0,0)全局渐近稳定.

      构造Lyapunov函数

    V(t)沿着系统(1)的轨线求导得

    易得$\dot V\left( t \right) $ =0当且仅当Sx=1,Ix=0,Sy=0,Iy=0.因此D1的最大不变集为{E1}.从而由Lyapunov-LaSalle不变原理[17]可以得到:当β1d0θkd1时,平衡点E1全局渐近稳定.证毕.

    定理7  假设β1d0,当$ {S_{x2}} + \frac{{\left( {r + {\beta _1}} \right){I_{x2}}}}{{{\beta _1}}} < \frac{{{d_1}}}{{\theta k}}$时,平衡点E2=(Sx2Ix2,0,0)全局渐近稳定.

      构造Lyapunov函数

    V(t)沿着系统(1)的轨线求导得

    r=rSx2+(r+β1)Ix2d0=β1Sx2代入整理得

    易得$\dot V\left( t \right) $ =0当且仅当Sx=Sx2Sy=0,Iy=0.因此D2的最大不变集为{(SxIxSyIy)|Sx=Sx2Ix=Ix2Sy=0,Iy=0}显然当${S_{x2}} + \frac{{\left( {r + {\beta _1}} \right){I_{x2}}}}{{{\beta _1}}} <\frac{{{d_1}}}{{\theta k}} $时,有$\frac{{\theta k{d_0}}}{{{\beta _1}}} + \frac{{kr\left( {{\beta _1} - {d_0}} \right)\left( {\rho \theta - {\beta _2}} \right)}}{{\left( {{\beta _1}\left( {{\beta _1} + r} \right)} \right)}} < {d_1} $,所以平衡点E2局部渐近稳定.从而由Lyapunov-LaSalle不变原理[17]可以得到:当${S_{x2}} + \frac{{\left( {r + {\beta _1}} \right){I_{x2}}}}{{{\beta _1}}} < \frac{{{d_1}}}{{\theta k}} $时,平衡点E2全局渐近稳定.证毕.

    定理8   假设θkd1,当$ {S_{x3}} + \frac{{\left( {{\beta _2} - \rho \theta } \right)k{S_{y3}}}}{{\theta \left( {r + {\beta _1}} \right)}} < \frac{{{d_0}}}{{{\beta _1}}}$时,平衡点E3=(Sx3,0,Sy3,0)全局渐近稳定.

      构造Lyapunov函数V(t)

    V(t)沿着系统(1)的轨线求导得

    r=rSx3+kSy3d1=θkSx3代入整理得

    易得$\dot V\left( t \right) $=0当且仅当Sx=Sx3Ix=0,Iy=0.因此D3的最大不变集为{(SxIxSyIy)|Sx=Sx3Ix=0,Sy=Sy3Iy=0}.显然当$ {S_{x3}} + \frac{{\left( {{\beta _2} - \rho \theta } \right)k{S_{y3}}}}{{\theta \left( {r + {\beta _1}} \right)}} < \frac{{{d_0}}}{{{\beta _1}}}$时,有β1d1θk d0+r(θk-d1),所以平衡点E3局部渐近稳定.从而由Lyapunov-LaSalle不变原理[17]可以得到:当${S_{x3}} + \frac{{\left( {{\beta _2} - \rho \theta } \right)k{S_{y3}}}}{{\theta \left( {r + {\beta _1}} \right)}} < \frac{{{d_0}}}{{{\beta _1}}} $时,平衡点E3全局渐近稳定.证毕.

4.   结论
  • 本文建立了一类捕食者与食饵都染病的捕食—食饵模型.通过对模型(1)的分析,我们得到当β1d0$ {S_{x2}} + \frac{{\left( {r + {\beta _1}} \right){I_{x2}}}}{{{\beta _1}}} < \frac{{{d_1}}}{{\theta k}} $时,平衡点E2全局渐近稳定,即捕食者全部灭绝; 当θkd1${S_{x3}} + \frac{{\left( {{\beta _2} - \rho \theta } \right)k{S_{y3}}}}{{\theta \left( {r + {\beta _1}} \right)}} < \frac{{{d_0}}}{{{\beta _1}}}$时,平衡点E3全局渐近稳定,即染病食饵和染病捕食者全部灭绝.在分析中,我们发现正平衡点E4一直是不稳定的.且平衡点E2E3稳定的条件也不一定是互斥的,从而E2E3都稳定的双稳定情形有可能发生.当β1d0θkd1$ \theta k{d_0} + \frac{{kr({\beta _1} - {d_0})(\rho \theta - {\beta _2})}}{{{\beta _1} + r}} < {\beta _1}{d_1} < \theta k{d_0} + r(\theta k - {d_1})$时,平衡点E2E3双稳定.另外,当E2E3都不稳定时,系统的行为可能比较复杂,周期解或极限环情形有可能发生,这些值得我们进一步的研究.本文也只找到了平衡点E2E3全局渐近稳定的充分条件,今后我们还可以进一步寻求平衡点E2E3全局渐近稳定的充要条件.

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