Livelihood Vulnerability of Poor Farmers in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region Under the Background of Ecological Degradation——A Case Study on the Fengjie County in Chongqing

Ting MA; Yong WANG; He-ping LIAO; Tao LI

doi:10.13718/j.cnki.xdzk.2019.04.002

2019 Volume 41 Issue 4

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Ting MA, Yong WANG, He-ping LIAO, et al. Livelihood Vulnerability of Poor Farmers in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region Under the Background of Ecological Degradation——A Case Study on the Fengjie County in Chongqing[J]. Journal of Southwest University Natural Science Edition, 2019, 41(4): 10-17. doi: 10.13718/j.cnki.xdzk.2019.04.002

Citation:

Ting MA, Yong WANG, He-ping LIAO, et al. Livelihood Vulnerability of Poor Farmers in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region Under the Background of Ecological Degradation——A Case Study on the Fengjie County in Chongqing[J]. Journal of Southwest University Natural Science Edition, 2019, 41(4): 10-17. doi: 10.13718/j.cnki.xdzk.2019.04.002

Livelihood Vulnerability of Poor Farmers in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region Under the Background of Ecological Degradation——A Case Study on the Fengjie County in Chongqing

1.
School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
2.
Southwest University Center for Targeted Poverty Alleviation and Regional Development Assessment, Chongqing 400715, China

More Information

Corresponding author: Yong WANG ;
Received Date: 30/11/2018
Available Online: 20/04/2019
MSC: F323.211;S181

Abstract

The Three Gorges Reservoir Region is a complex region with fragile ecological environment and multidimensional poverty. Ecological degradation seriously affects the livelihood of poor farmers in the region. The study of the livelihood vulnerability of poor farmers in the region is helpful to analyze its characteristics and main influencing factors and to provide a theoretical basis for ecological environment protection and poverty reduction measures in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region. Taking Fengjie County of Chongqing as the research area, based on 1496 poverty household questionnaires and 60 village cadre questionnaires, this paper establishes an index system for evaluating the livelihood vulnerability of poor farmers in this region. A comprehensive evaluation index model is used to evaluate the livelihood vulnerability of poor farmers in Fengjie County. The results of the study show that the low-income farmers, pure agricultural households farmers and farmers in the area of extreme ecological degradation are the most affected by ecological degradation; that rocky desertification and soil erosion are the main factors affecting the livelihood vulnerability of poor farmers in Fengjie County; and that the key to reduce the livelihood vulnerability of poor farmers in areas with serious ecological degradation is to protect the ecological environment, restore it, and further guide the poor farmers to diversify their livelihood ways and improve their adaptability through relevant poverty alleviation policies.
- ecological degradation,
- poverty,
- livelihood vulnerability,
- Three Gorges Reservoir Region

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自20世纪80年代以来，贫困与生态退化及其相互关系成为可持续发展领域的研究热点^[1].生态退化是指在自然或人为的干扰下出现的生物多样性减少、生物生产力下降以及土地资源丧失等一系列现象，以及进一步的退化导致的生态系统服务功能降低甚至丧失^[2].脆弱性是贫困的重要表现，在生态退化的大背景下，贫困地区的贫困农户生计问题引起众多学者的广泛关注.严重的水土流失、石漠化和土地沙化等生态退化现象，对以土地为生的农业人口带来巨大冲击，对贫困农业人口的冲击更甚，加剧了生态脆弱区域贫困农业人口的生计脆弱性.脆弱性分析已经成为全球变化与可持续发展的重要分析工具^[3].一方面是基于可持续生计框架在贫困地区开展农户生计脆弱性评价^[4-7]；另一方面是结合相关扶贫政策对贫困农户生计脆弱性进行分析^[8-9].现有研究主要集中于对西部少数民族贫困地区以及连片特困地区的农户生计脆弱性分析，缺乏对生态退化严重区域贫困农业人口生计脆弱性的关注.建立严重生态退化区域贫困农户脆弱性指标体系、反映具体的生态退化现象成为生态退化严重区域贫困农户生计脆弱性研究的关键.

三峡库区位于长江中上游，区域内自然环境受到人类活动的大规模改造^[10]，加之自然原因，区域内水土流失严重，是我国水土流失最严重的地区之一^[11].石漠化是水土流失的最终表现，区域内石漠化问题也亟待解决.三峡库区是典型的生态脆弱区，又是人口稠密的贫困地区^[12]，严重的生态退化加剧了区域贫困人口生计脆弱性.由此，本研究基于三峡库区生态退化，以国家级贫困县奉节县为研究区域，建立适用于研究区域贫困农户生计脆弱性评价体系，以识别脆弱群体及特征，分析影响区域贫困农户生计脆弱性的主要因素，寻求降低贫困农户生计脆弱性的方法，为制定相关环境保护及扶贫政策提供借鉴和依据.

2. 数据来源及研究方法

2.1. 数据来源

本研究采用问卷调查、村干部座谈会等参与式农村评估方法(PRA)，于2018年8月前往重庆市奉节县进行实地入户调查.采取分层随机抽样法选取受访贫困农户，最终获得贫困农户问卷1 500份，其中有效农户问卷1 496份(有效率达99.7%)，获得有效村干部问卷60份，每份问卷耗时40~50 min.依托问卷调查获取农户基本家庭信息、生产生活信息，以及农户所在村的社会、经济与资源环境的数据资料.土地利用数据来源于奉节县2015年土地利用变更调查数据；相关水土流失和石漠化数据来源于奉节县水利局.

2.2. 研究方法

2.2.1. 生态退化等级划分

参考沈渭寿等^[15]对中国土地退化分级的相关研究，按石质坡地面积与幅员面积的比值，将奉节县各乡镇划分为轻度退化区域(石质坡地面积/乡镇幅员面积＜10%)、中度退化区域(10%＜石质坡地面积/乡镇幅员面积＜25%)、强度退化区域(25%＜石质坡地面积/乡镇幅员面积＜50%)以及极强度退化区域(50%＜石质坡地面积/乡镇幅员面积).

2.2.2. 指标体系的构建

IPCC提出的“暴露—敏感性—适应能力”分析框架被广泛应用于农户脆弱性评价当中^[16].其中，暴露度是农户生产生活中所面临的环境变化特征及程度；敏感性是指贫困农户受环境变化的影响程度；适应能力是指农户应对生态退化风险能力的大小.本研究基于“暴露—敏感性—适应能力”分析框架，充分考虑研究区域内生态退化情况以及贫困农户特性，结合贫困农户享有的相关扶贫政策，遵循科学性、针对性、相对独立性、精简性和可获取性原则，筛选出18个指标，构建了适用于三峡库区贫困农户脆弱性评价指标体系，同时利用熵值法确定各指标权重(表 1).

2.2.3. 生计脆弱性模型

目前对农户生计脆弱性评价的方法多采用根据IPCC对脆弱性的定义形成的计算公式^[17]，以及综合指数评估模型^{[9, 18]}.综合评估指数模型操作简单，便于理解，能较好地反映单元脆弱程度的相对大小，因此本研究选取综合评估指数模型对奉节县贫困农户生计脆弱性进行评价.计算模型如下：

式中：LVI为生计脆弱性指数；E为农户暴露度；S为农户敏感性；A为农户适应能力.

4. 结论

1) 生态退化对不同收入类型贫困农户影响最大的是低收入贫困农户.针对低收入贫困农户应实施有效的技能培训，提高其自身发展能力.

2) 生态退化对不同生计方式贫困农户影响最大的是纯农户，对不同生计方式贫困农户要有针对性的扶贫措施.

3) 生态退化严重区域的生态保护及生态恢复，以及进一步通过相关政策引导区域内贫困农户生计方式多样化、提高其适应能力，是生态退化严重区域降低生态脆弱性的关键.

4) 石漠化与水土流失是影响奉节县贫困农户生计脆弱性的主要因素.在生态退化区域降低贫困农户生计脆弱性其关键是通过改善生态环境提高非农化水平以及生计多样化指数，增加贫困农户收入.

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Livelihood Vulnerability of Poor Farmers in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region Under the Background of Ecological Degradation——A Case Study on the Fengjie County in Chongqing