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2021 Volume 46 Issue 12
Article Contents

DUAN Yu, SUN Xin, AN Yucheng. Multiplicity of Solutions for Klein-Gordon-Maxwell Systems with General Superlinear Nonlinearity[J]. Journal of Southwest China Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2021, 46(12): 13-19. doi: 10.13718/j.cnki.xsxb.2021.12.003
Citation: DUAN Yu, SUN Xin, AN Yucheng. Multiplicity of Solutions for Klein-Gordon-Maxwell Systems with General Superlinear Nonlinearity[J]. Journal of Southwest China Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2021, 46(12): 13-19. doi: 10.13718/j.cnki.xsxb.2021.12.003

Multiplicity of Solutions for Klein-Gordon-Maxwell Systems with General Superlinear Nonlinearity

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  • Received Date: 27/12/2020
    Available Online: 20/12/2021
  • MSC: O176.3

  • In this paper, the multiplicity of solutions for a class of Klein-Gordon-Maxwell system has been established with concave-convex nonlinearities. When the convex terms satisfies weaker superlinear growth at infinity and the potential is sign-changing, the multiplicity result of nontrivial solutions for the system are obtained via variational methods. Our results generalize and improve the recent result in the literature.
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Multiplicity of Solutions for Klein-Gordon-Maxwell Systems with General Superlinear Nonlinearity

Abstract: In this paper, the multiplicity of solutions for a class of Klein-Gordon-Maxwell system has been established with concave-convex nonlinearities. When the convex terms satisfies weaker superlinear growth at infinity and the potential is sign-changing, the multiplicity result of nontrivial solutions for the system are obtained via variational methods. Our results generalize and improve the recent result in the literature.

  • 研究如下Klein-Gordon-Maxwell系统:

    其中ω>0是一个常数,fC($\mathbb{R} $3×$\mathbb{R} $$\mathbb{R} $)和VC($\mathbb{R} $3$\mathbb{R} $)是变号的. 系统(1)起源于数学物理领域中的某些应用问题. 为了描述三维空间中非线性Klein-Gordon场与静电场之间相互作用所产生的孤立波问题,文献[1]首次提出了Klein-Gordon-Maxwell系统模型

    其中0 < ω < m0,4 < q < 6,m0e分别表示粒子的质量和电量,而ω表示相位.系统的未知因素是联系粒子的场u和电磁位势ϕ. 有关系统(2)物理方面的详述可参见文献[1-2]. 作为系统(2)的一般情形,系统(1)近年来受到了众多学者的关注. 当非线性项f满足(AR)条件时,文献[3]首次研究了系统(1)无穷多解的存在性. 文献[4-7]在非线性项f满足超三次增长性条件但不满足(AR)条件时,获得了与文献[3]相同的结果. 文献[8-11]通过弱化非线性项f所满足的条件,改进了上述所提文献的结论. 在位势是消失位势的情形下,文献[12-14]讨论了系统(1)解的存在性和多重性问题. 当位势V=1时,文献[15-16]讨论了系统(1)解的存在性和多重性问题. 在位势是井位势的情形下,文献[17-19]分别讨论了系统(1)基态解的存在性和解的多重性问题. 尤其需要指出的是:文献[20]在位势函数V和非线性项f允许变号的情形下研究了系统(1)解的多解性,得到了如下结果:

    定理A[20]   设Vf=f满足如下假设条件:

    (V) VC($\mathbb{R} $3$\mathbb{R} $),$\mathop {\rm inf}\limits_{x \in {\mathbb{R}^3}} V(x) $>-∞,且存在r>0,使得对∀M>0,有

    (F1) 存在常数c1>0,2 < p < 2* = 6,使得$\left| {\bar f(x, t)} \right| \le {c_1}(\left| t \right| + {\left| t \right|^{p - 1}}) $),∀(xt)∈$\mathbb{R} $3×$\mathbb{R} $

    (F2) $\mathop {\lim }\limits_{\left| t \right| \to \infty } \frac{{\bar F(x, t)}}{{{{\left| t \right|}^2}}} = + \infty $关于x$\mathbb{R} $3一致成立,且存在R>0,使得当|t|≥R时,对∀x$\mathbb{R} $3F(xt)≥0,其中F(xt)= $\int_0^t {\bar f(x,s){\rm {d}}s} $

    (F3) f(x,-t)=-f(xt),∀(xt)∈$\mathbb{R} $3×$\mathbb{R} $

    (F4) 存在θ>0,μ>2,使得f(xt)t-μF(xt)≥-θ|t|2,∀(xt)∈$\mathbb{R} $3×$\mathbb{R} $. 则系统(1)存在一列高能量解.

    本文考虑的问题是:在条件(F4)中,若μ=2,系统(1)是否仍存在一列高能量解? 受文献[9, 20]的启发,本文主要考虑了当μ=2且具有凹项扰动项时系统(1)解的多重性,所得结论推广和完善了已有文献的相关结果. 相关概念和符号可参见文献[21-23]. 本文主要结果如下:

    定理1  假设V满足条件(V),F(xt)=F(xt)+λα(x)|t|sf(F1)-(F3)及如下条件:

    (F4) 存在常数r0>0,c2≥0,使得当|t|≥r0时,对∀x$\mathbb{R} $3

    (F5) $\alpha (x) \in {L^{\frac{2}{{2 - s}}}} $($\mathbb{R} $3),1<s < 2,α(x)≥ 0,∀x$\mathbb{R} $3.

    则对∀λ$\mathbb{R} $,系统(1)有一列高能量解.

    定理2  假设V满足条件(V),F(xt)=F(xt)+λα(x)|t|sf满足条件(F1)-(F5),则对∀λ$\mathbb{R} $+,系统(1)有一列负能量解.

    注1  确实存在函数满足条件(F1)-(F4)但不满足定理A中的(AR)条件((F4)(见文献[9]的注1.4).

    注2  定理1从两个方面改进了定理A:定理1通过弱化定理A的条件(见注1)获得了与定理A相同的结果;在非线性项是凹凸非线性项的组合项条件下给出了系统(1)有一列负能量解的多重性结果.

    注3  与文献[9]的结论相比,本文去掉了非线性项f在原点处是超线性的这一限制条件,在位势函数V和凸非线性项f允许变号,且扰动项是更一般的凹项的情形下,研究了系统(1)解的多重性.

    因此,定理1改进并完善了上述已有文献的相关结果.

    D1,2($\mathbb{R} $3)={uL6($\mathbb{R} $3):|▽u|∈L2($\mathbb{R} $3)}表示Sobolev空间,其范数定义为

    H1($\mathbb{R} $3)={uL2($\mathbb{R} $3):|▽u|∈L2($\mathbb{R} $3)}表示通常的Sobolev空间,其内积和范数分别定义为

    由条件(V),(F1)-(F2)知,存在a>0,使得对∀(xt)∈$\mathbb{R} $3×$\mathbb{R} $$\tilde V(x) $=V(x)+a≥ 1,2F(xt)+at2≥0. 令

    H是Hilbert空间,其内积和范数分别定义为

    显然,对2≤p≤6,嵌入映射H Lp($\mathbb{R} $3)是连续的,故存在Sp>0,使得

    系统(1)具有变分结构,对∀(uϕ)∈H×D1,2($\mathbb{R} $3),定义其能量泛函为

    由条件(V),(F1)知,系统(1)的弱解(uϕ)∈H×D1,2($\mathbb{R} $3)对应着泛函J的临界点. 由于J是强不定的,需要对泛函进行一些简化,将泛函J转化成只含有一个变量u的式子. 为此,给出如下引理:

    引理1[3]  对∀uH1($\mathbb{R} $3),存在唯一的ϕ=ϕuD1,2($\mathbb{R} $3),满足方程

    更进一步,映射ΦuH1($\mathbb{R} $3)↦Φ[u]=ϕuD1,2($\mathbb{R} $3)是连续可微的,并且满足:

    (i) 在集合{xu(x)≠0}上,-ωϕu≤0;

    (ii) ${\left\| {{\phi _u}} \right\|_{{D^{1,2}}}} \le C\left\| u \right\|_{{H^1}}^2 $,且$\int {_{{\mathbb{R}^3}}} \left| {{\phi _u}} \right|{u^2}{\rm d}x \le C\left\| u \right\|_{\frac{{12}}{5}}^4 \le \left\| u \right\|_{{H^1}}^4 $.

    在(4)式左右两端同时乘ϕu,并分部积分,可得

    从而结合(5)式及J的定义知,I(u)=J(uϕu)可化简为

    由条件(V),(F1)-(F3)及引理1易知,I定义在空间H上是有意义的,且IC1(H$\mathbb{R} $),其所对应的导数为

    由文献[1]的命题3.5知,u是泛函I的临界点当且仅当(uϕ)∈H×D1,2($\mathbb{R} $3)是系统(1)的解,并且ϕ=ϕu. 因此,为了得到系统(1)的非零解,我们只需寻找泛函I的非零的临界点即可.

    BR={x$\mathbb{R} $3:|x| < R},BRC=$\mathbb{R} $3\BR={x$\mathbb{R} $3:|x|≥R}. 令{ei}为空间H的一组正交基. Xi=$\mathbb{R} $eiYk=⊕i=1kXiZk=⊕i=k+1Xik$\mathbb{N} $+.

    引理2  假设条件(V),(F1)-(F2),(F4)-(F5)成立,则泛函I(u)满足(PS)c条件.

      设{un}⊂H是泛函I的任一(PS)c序列,即

    从而存在常数M>0,使得

    首先证明(PS)c序列{un}有界. 采用反证法. 假设存在{un}的一个子列(不失一般性,仍记此子列为{un}),使得‖un‖→∞. 令$ $,则‖ωn‖=1. 因为对2≤p < 6,嵌入映射H Lp($\mathbb{R} $3)是紧的,所以存在{ωn}的一个子列(不失一般性,仍记之为{ωn})和ω0H,使得:ωnω0(xH);ωnω0 (xLp($\mathbb{R} $3));ωn(x)→ω0(x)(a.e.x$\mathbb{R} $3). 令Ω={y$\mathbb{R} $3ω0(y)≠0}. 若meas(Ω)>0,则|un|=|ωn|‖un‖ ∞(a.e.xΩn→∞).

    由条件(F2)和Fatou引理知

    而由引理1(i)及(6)式知,当n→∞时,

    这显然与(7)式是矛盾的. 故meas(Ω)=0,这意味着ω0=0,ωn→0(xLp($\mathbb{R} $3),2≤p < 6).

    由条件(F1)知,对任意的x$\mathbb{R} $3,|u|≤r0,有

    故结合条件(F4)及引理1(i)知

    这意味着

    由条件(F1)知,对∀(xu)∈$\mathbb{R} $3×$\mathbb{R} $

    结合(6),(8),(9)式及引理1(i)知,当n→∞时

    这显然是矛盾的,故序列{un}是有界的.

    其次证明{un}在空间H中有一个强收敛的子列. 因为

    所以由文献[8]中引理3.3的证明可知:要证明unu(xHn→ ∞),只需证明当n→∞时,

    即可. 因为对2≤p < 6,嵌入映射HLp( $ \mathbb{R}^{3}$)是紧的,所以当n→∞时,

    引理3  假设条件(F1)-(F5)成立,则:

    (i) 存在γ>0,ρ>0,使得$I\left| {_{\partial {B_\rho } \cap {Z_k}}} \right. \ge \gamma $

    (ii) 对任意的有限维子空间$\tilde E \subset H $,存在R=R($\tilde E$)>0,使得$I\left| {_{\tilde E\backslash {B_R}}} \right. $ < 0.

    (i) 令$ {\beta _k} = \mathop {\sup }\limits_{u \in {Z_k}, \left\| u \right\| = 1} {\left\| u \right\|_p}(2 \le p \le 6)$,则βk →0(k→∞). 从而存在k1>1,使得当k>k1时,

    因为1 < s < 2,所以存在R0>0,使得

    由(9),(11)-(12)式及引理1(i)知,∀uZk,‖u‖≥R0

    $\rho = {(4\beta _k^p{c_1})^{\frac{1}{{2 - p}}}}, \gamma = (\frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{{4p}}){\rho ^2} $,则ρ→∞(k →∞),且γ>0. 从而存在k2>1,使得当k>k2时,ρ>R0. 故当k>max{k1k2},uZk,‖u‖=ρ时,I(u)≥ $(\frac{1}{8} - \frac{1}{{4p}}){\rho ^2} $=γ>0.

    (ii) 设$\tilde E \subset H $是任一有限维子空间. 利用反证法证明. 假设存在一列序列{un}⊂ $\tilde E $,满足‖un‖→∞,但I(un)≥0. 令${v_n} = \frac{{{u_n}}}{{\left\| {{u_n}} \right\|}} $,则‖vn‖=1. 因为$\tilde E \subset H $是有限维子空间,所以存在{vn}的一个子列(不失一般性,仍记之为{vn})和v0$\tilde E $,使得vnv0(x∈ $\tilde E $),‖v0‖=1. 故由条件(F2)及Fatou引理知

    这显然是矛盾的,故存在R=R($\tilde E $)>0使得$I\left| {_{\tilde E\backslash {B_R}}} \right. $ < 0.

    引理4   假设条件(F1)-(F5)成立,则存在k0$\mathbb{N} $+使得ρk>γk>0,且满足:

    (i) ${a_k} = \mathop {\inf }\limits_{u \in {Z_k}, \left\| u \right\| = {\rho _k}} I(u) $≥0;

    (ii) ${b_k} = \mathop {\max }\limits_{u \in {Y_k}, \left\| u \right\| = {\gamma _k}} I(u) $ < 0;

    (iii) ${d_k} = \mathop {\inf }\limits_{u \in {Z_k}, \left\| u \right\| \le {\rho _k}} I(u)$→0(k→+∞).

      因为2 < p < 6,所以存在R0>0使得

    由(3),(9),(11),(13)式及引理1(i)知,对∀uZk

    ${\rho _k} = 8{(\beta _k^ss\lambda {\left\| \alpha \right\|_{\frac{2}{{2 - s}}}})^{_{\frac{1}{{2 - s}}}}} $,则ρk→0(k→+∞). 从而存在k0>0,使得当k>k0γk < R0. 故当k>max{k1k0},uZk,‖u‖=ρk时,

    即(i)成立.

    (ii) 对∀uYkδ>0,令Γαδ(u)={x$\mathbb{R} $3α(x)|u|sδus},由文献[4]中定理1.5的证明过程可知,存在ε1>0,使得meas(Γαε1(u))≥ε1.

    故结合条件(F4),(9)式及引理1(i)知,对∀uYk

    因为1 < s < 2,所以存在γk∈(0,ρk),使得当uYk,‖u‖=γkI(u)≤0,即(ii)成立.

    (iii) 由(14)式,对∀uZk${\left\| u \right\| \le {\rho _k}}$,有

    因为ρk→0,k→+∞,所以$\mathop {\inf }\limits_{u \in {Z_k}, \left\| u \right\| \le {\rho _k}} I(u) $→0(k→+∞),即(iii)成立.

    定理1的证明  由条件(F3)知泛函I是偶的,且由引理2及引理3知,能量泛函I满足对称山路定理(见文献[21]的定理9.12)的条件,故由对称山路定理知,I有一列趋于+∞的临界值. 即系统(1)具有一列高能量解.

    定理2的证明  由条件(F3)知泛函I是偶的,且由引理2及引理4知,能量泛函I满足对偶喷泉定理(见文献[22]的定理3.18)的条件,故由对偶喷泉定理知,I有一列趋于0的负的临界值. 即系统(1)存在一列负能量解.

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