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2019年2月,中共中央、国务院印发《中国教育现代化2035》,明确提出“培养高素质教师队伍,健全以师范院校为主体、高水平非师范院校参与、优质中小学(幼儿园)为实践基地的开放、协同、联动的中国特色教师教育体系”[1]。这是继《中共中央国务院关于全面深化新时代教师队伍建设改革的意见》(下文简称《意见》)出台和教育部等五部门印发《教师教育振兴行动计划(2018—2022年)》之后中共中央、国务院从国家层面强调教师教育体系建设而作出的又一项重大部署。那么,中国特色教师教育体系的时代价值体现在哪些方面,其应然特征是什么,其基本属性体现在哪些维度,这些都是需要我们深入思考和研究的问题,也是本文探讨的主要问题。
A Research on Improving Teacher Education System with Chinese Characteristics
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摘要: 健全中国特色教师教育体系,是适应我国教师教育主要矛盾转化的现实要求,是加快实现我国教育现代化的重要支撑,是夯实教育强国建设之基的基础工程。中国特色教师教育体系是一个开放的大系统,其基本图景应体现“高质量开放、制度化协同、实质性联动”三个特征。推动实现“高质量的开放”,需要建立基于相应标准的办学资格认证开放体系、基于专业教育的教师资格认证开放体系、基于生源质量的教师学历教育开放体系、基于学科发展的教师教育专业开放体系;推动实现制度化协同,需要建立师范专业招生“研判”制度、中小学(幼儿园)参与师范生培养的法定义务和绩效制度,完善教师编制政策,制定县级教师发展中心建设标准;推动实现实质性联动,需要建立“校级、省级、国家级”三级教师教育质量年度报告制度,建立基于“US模式”的教师教育者常态化交流制度,启动实施“互联网+教师教育”创新行动。健全中国特色的教师教育体系应该把握并遵循公共属性、政治属性、道德属性、多样化属性这四个基本属性及原则。公共属性凸显教师教育的社会责任,政治属性内含教师教育的本质要求,道德属性彰显教师教育的专业伦理,多样化属性则反映着教师教育的灵活特征,这四个属性统一并渗透于构建中国特色教师教育体系的全部过程、各个环节和基本要素。Abstract: Improving the teacher education system with Chinese characteristics is the practical requirement of adapting the transformation of the main contradiction in teacher education in China, the important support for accelerating the modernization of education in China, and the basic project to consolidate the foundation of building a strong country in education.The basic prospect of teacher education system with Chinese characteristics should embody three characteristics: high-quality opening, institutionalized collaboration and substantial linkage.To promote the realization of high-quality opening, it is necessary to establish a standards-based qualification certification system, a professional education-based teacher qualification certification system, a baseline-based quality assurance system for normal university students, and a discipline-based teacher education specialty construction system.To promote the realization of institutionalized collaboration, it is necessary to establish a system of recruitment, research and judgment for teachers' majors, a legal obligation and a performance system for primary and secondary schools (kindergartens) to participate in the training of normal university students, improve the policy on teacher staffing, and formulate the construction standards for county-level teacher development centers.To promote the substantive linkage, we need to establish an annual report system for teachers' education quality at the three levels of "school, province and national", and a regular exchange system for promoting teacher education institutionalization, and launch the "Internet + Teacher Education" innovation initiative at a high standard.To perfect the teacher education system with Chinese characteristics, we should grasp and follow four basic attributes: public attribute, political attribute, moral attribute, and multiple attribute.The public attribute highlights the national responsibility of teacher education.The political attribute contains the essential requirements of teacher education.The moral attribute highlights the professional ethics of teacher education, and the various attributes reflect the flexible characteristics of teacher education.The four attributes unify and penetrate into the whole process, all links and all elements of the teacher education system with Chinese characteristics.
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表 1 我国各级学校专任教师规模及学历结构(2019年度)①
学校类型 专任教师总量(人) 研究生学历 本科学历 专科及以下学历 规模(人) 比例 规模(人) 比例 规模(人) 比例 高中② 1 859 242 197 002 10.60% 1 636 615 88.03% 25 625 1.37% 初中③ 3 747 429 131 646 3.51% 3 141 892 83.84% 473 891 12.65% 小学④ 6 269 084 85 135 1.36% 3 833 676 61.15% 2 350 273 37.49% 幼儿园⑤ 2 763 104 5 406 0.20% 664 370 24.04% 2 093 328 75.76% -
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